GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

• AMAR NATH SINGHA

• ROLL-D113052006

• NO-65684

• DEE-3rd 6th sem

I.C.V.P. JHARGRAM

• SESSION-2016-2017

INTRODUCTONHOW HEAT IS GENERATEWHAT IS MAGMA & LAVA

SOURCESGEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRSEXPLORATIONRING OF FIRE EXPLORATION SURVEYS

DIRECT USES INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING FARMING GREENHOUSE HEATING DISTRICT HEATING RESIDENTIAL HEATING

INDIRECT USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGYELECTRICITY GENERATION

DRY STEAM POWER PLANTFLASH STEAM POWER PLANTBINARY CYCLE POWER PLANTHEAT EXCHANGER

COST

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN INDIAN SENERIOGEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL IN INDIAGEOTHERMAL PROVINCES IN INDIAGEOTHERMAL FIELD IN INDIAHISTORICAL CAPACITY & CONSUMPTION DATAGEOTHERMAL COMPANIES:RECENTLY A PROJECT IS BEING DEVELPOED IN INDIAGEOTHERMAL RESEARCH CENTERS:MISSION AND VISION IN GEOTHERMAL FOR INDIA

ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

FUTURE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

INTRODUCTON

Geothermal energy is heat that is generated within the Earth. (Geo means “earth,” and thermal means “heat” in Greek). It is a renewable resource that can be harvested for human use.

HOW HEAT IS GENERATE

About 2,900km below a small portion of the core’s heat comes from the friction and gravitational pull formed when Earth was created more than 4 billion years ago. However, the vast majority of Earth’s heat is constantly generated by the decay of radioactive isotopes, such as potassium-40 and thorium-232.

Source Hot water

reservoirs

Geo pressurised

reservoirs

Normal

geothermal

gradient

Hot dry rocks

Molten magma

Geyser Boiling

mud potVolcano Hot

springs

METHODS

Areas are

explored

analysed

and

mapped

Geological,

geophysical

and

geochemical

data are

combined

Drilling

sites are

identified

Geothermal

potential is

assessed

Field

models are

developed

An area called Ring of fire has most of geothermal

Exploration

Surveys

Satellite

imagery and

aerial

photography

Volcanological

studies

Temperature

gradient hole

drilling

Geographical

analysis

Geologic and

structural

mapping

DIRECT

Directly from

hot spring

INDIRECT

Electricity

generation

Air conditioningIndustrial

processesDrying

Aquaculture Hot water Resorts and pools

Melting snowHot springs, used

as spas

Heating water at

fish farms

Provide heat for

buildings

Raising plants in

greenhouses,

drying crops.

Provides heat to

industrial

processes.

The farm heats its own water with heat exchangers, which draw heat from the power station’s waste water before it flows back into the River.

GREENHOUSE HEATING

Hot water from one or more geothermal wells is pipedthrough a heat exchanger plant to heat city water in separatepipes. Hot city water is piped to heat exchangers in buildingsto warm the air.

There are 18 district heating systems operating in the western United States.

Over 270 cities in the western U.S. Are close enough to geothermal reservoirs to use district heating.

In some places, geothermal water ispiped from wells to heat single homes orwhole residential or commercial districts.This truck-mounted drill rig is drilling awell for use in Klamath Falls, Oregon.

ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Dry Steam power plant

In dry steam power plants, the steam(and no water) shoots up the wells and is passed through rock catcher and then directly into the turbine.• The oldest type of Geothermal power plant• Geothermal reservoir pure steam is required.• Pure dry steam drives turbine.• Very rare type of geothermal power plant.• Operating at California, Italy, and Japan.

Flash steam power plant

Flash Steam Plants: Used hot water reservoirs. In flash plants, as hot water is released from the pressure of the deep reservoir in a flash tank.

These systems pull deep, high pressured hot water that reaches temperatures of 3600F or more to the surface. This water is transported to low pressure chambers, and the resulting steam drives the turbines. The remaining water and steam are then injected back into the source from which they were taken. • Commonly used geothermal power plant.• Geothermal reservoirs containing both hot water & steam is required.• Pressure changing system is required.• Operating at Hawaii, Nevada, Utah & some other places

Binary cycle power plant

Binary Cycle Plants: In a binary cycle plant the heat from geothermal water is used to vaporize a “working fluid” is separate adjacent pipes, The vapor, like steam, powers the turbine generator.

• Does not use steam directly to spin turbines.• Only the heat of the underground water is used.• Vapourized hydrocarbons are used to spin the turbine.• Hydrocarbons having lower boiling point such as isopentane, isobutane and propane can

be used.• No harmful gas is emitted.• This’s the worldwide accepted power plant.

Cost• Direct use of geothermal energy is absolutely cheaper than

other energy sources.

• Cost of electricity generation depends upon certain factors:

Temperature and depth of resource

Type of resource (steam, liquid, mix)

Size and technology of plant

• The initial investment is high.

• They cost around US $0.05 to $0.08 (Rs. 2.772 to Rs. 4.4352) per kWh

• Once the capital cost is recovered, the price can decrease to below US $0.05 (Rs 2.2772) per kWh

GEOTHERMAL

ENERGY ININDIA

Renewable energy in India is growing leaps and bound under government ambitious plan of enhancing renewable capacity to 175 GW by 2022. While solar and wind continue to drive this initiative, new and upcoming technologies such as geothermal, ocean and tidal are being promoted to enhance renewable share to 25 % in energy mix, from current 7 %.

Potential sites

Province Surface Temp C

Reservoir Temp C

Heat Flow Thermal gradient

Himalaya >90 260 468 100

Cambay 40-90 150-175 80-93 70

West coast

46-72 102-137 75-129 47-59

Sonata 60 – 95 105-217120-290 60-90

Godavari 50-60 175-215 93-104 60

India is blessed with good potential for geothermal energy. India is

considered to have Low (<100 Degree C) to medium (100- 200 Degree C) enthalpy regions. Surveys done by Geological Survey of India have earmarked 340 hot springs within temperature range of 34 Degree C to 98 Degree C. The major potential areas for geothermal energy (both thermal and power) in India are identified as under:

Geothermal Potential in India

PUGA MANIKARAN

JALGAON TUWA

TATTAPANI HIMALAY

UNAI GODAVARI

BAKRESWAR

Geothermal FieldEstimated (min.)

reservoir Temp (Approx)Status

Puga geothermal field 240oC at 2000mFrom geochemical and deep

geophysical studies (MT)

Tattapani Sarguja(Chhattisgarh)

120oC - 150oC at 500 meter and 200oC at

2000 m

Magneto telluric survey done by NGRI

Tapoban Chamoli(Uttarakhand)

100oC at 430 meterMagneto telluric survey done by

NGRI

Cambay Garben (Gujrat)160oC at 1900 meter (From Oil exploration

borehole)

Steam discharge was estimated 3000 cu meter/ day with high

temperature gradient.

Badrinath Chamoli(Uttarakhand)

150oC estimated

Magneto-telluric study was done by NGRI

Deep drilling required to ascertain geothermal field

Surajkund Hazaribagh(Jharkhand)

110oCMagneto-telluric study was done by

NGRI.Heat rate 128.6 mW/m2

ManikaranKullu (H P)

100oCMagneto-telluric study was done by

NGRIHeat flow rate 130 mW/m2

KasolKullu (H P)

110oCMagneto-telluric study was done by

NGRI

Total thermal installed capacity in MW:

203.0

Direct use in TJ/year 1,606.3Direct use in GWh/year 446.2

Capacity factor 0.25

RECENTLY A PROJECT IS BEING DEVELPOED IN INDIA

• MeSy IndiaMeSy India acts as technical arm to governmental institutions in the conduction of scientific and geothermal research projects, and stimulates new R&D projects in collaboration with Indian national research institutions and international organizations, in particular in the field of techniques and earthquake mechanisms, reservoir induced seismicity, advanced mining technologies, ground water production stimulation, use of geothermal energy, hazardous underground waste storage.

• Geological Survey of India

• National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad

• Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Dehradun

Geothermal researchcenters:

Mission and Vision in Geothermal for India

Target YearGeothermal (Energy) MW

Geothermal (Power) MW

By 2022 1000 20

By 2030 10000 1000

Advantages• Available all the year around.

• Direct use

• Low running cost, it saves 80% costs over fossil fuels.

• It is free from global warming as does not involve any combustion of fuel.

• Unlike solar energy it is independent of weather condition.

• Clean Resource – Very little emissions or overall environmental impact.

• maintenance cost of geothermal plants very less

• Overall, geothermal energy is a sustainable resource.

Disadvantages• Not widespread source of energy

• High installation costs

• Can run out of steam

• May release harmful gases, poisonous gases that can escape through the holes during construction.

• Geothermal energy can not be easily transported

• Total generation potential of this source is too small.

• There is always danger of eruption of volcano .

FUTURE OF EOTHERMAL ENERGY

The first geothermal power plant is established in 1911 in Larderello, Italy.

Currently only 24 countries are able to produce electricity from geothermal energy in large scale producing a total of 11,700 MW of electricity.

But it only comprises for about less than 0.4% of the worlds electricity consumption.

This is mainly due to the fact that there is 75-80% chance of failure for exploratory well digging and geothermal energy is not available at all places.

Due to these facts developing countries like India is unable to install a geothermal power plant due to high risk and unavailability of geothermal energy.

To support the establishment of geothermal power plants the International Geothermal Association(IGA) and International Renewable Energy Alliance(REN alliance) has funded more than 10 projects and more than 65 countries are its members

So in order to overcome these limitations research is going on at IGA,Bocham,Germany to produce geothermal power more efficiently at low installation costs