Explosive products ppt

ASSALAM-O-ALAIKUM

HAIDER MAHMOOD 2011-GE-02

MUHAMMAD FAIZAN 2011-GE-52

FAISAL HAYAT 2011-GE-56

BILAL AHMED 2011-GE-72

GROUP MEMBERS

EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTS

EXPLOSIVE

Any chemical mixtures, compound or device that reacts at high velocities to liberate gas or heat causing high pressure and which can be initiated by a No.8 test blasting cap.

HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVES

• Explosives started 6oo-700 years ago. • Roger bacon(1214-1292) first described preparation of black powder

• Potassium nitrate(75%) and carbon(15%) and sulfur(10%)


Guns were first used in Battle of Crecy in 1364.

In these guns black powder was used as a gun propellant.

HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVESThe time interval between ignition and blast

was a problem.

Safer method of ignition was invented by William Bickford of England.

He invented safety fuse.

In safety fuse thin core of black powder is contained in a cable of jute and string.

SAFETY FUSE


The foundation of modern explosive industry was laid in beginning of 19th century.

Three men were prominent1. Edward Howard described preparation of

mercury fulminate (primary explosive) Hg(CNO)2

2. Schonbein a German engineer produced gun cotton.

3. Ascanio discovered Nitroglycerin.

HISTORY OF EXPLOSIVESIn 1862 Glycerine was transported by Alfred

Nobel in containers with trade name Golonion Oil.

At this time NG was poured from container to hole.

This crude method resulted in accidents and loss of life.


Kieselguhr is a form of silica compound of the siliceous shells of unicellular aquatic plants of microscopic size.it is porous kind of siliceous sedimentary rock.

It was used in packing of containers of nitroglycerine as a cushion.

A container ruptured and NG was absorbed by keiselguhr.

Alfred nobel noticed it and found that it was more safe to handle and transport.

He called this mix as dynamite


In 1950 ammonium nitrate was used as blasting agent.

In 1960 Watergels were developed

In 1968 Emulsions were introduced

MAJOR INGREDIENTS IN EXPLOSIVE

The principal reacting ingredients in an explosive are:

Fuel

Oxidizers

Fuels are carbon aluminum, TNT, smokeless powder.

Oxidizers are hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and oxygen.

TYPES OF EXPLOSIVE AND BLASTING AGENTS

Nitroglycerine based explosives (Dynamites)

Powder Explosives (ANFO)

Water gels (Slurries)

Emulsion Explosives

DYNAMITENG are semi pure liquid which is composed of two

organic nitrate esters (Nitroglycerine+Nitroglycol)

This mixture of NG and Kieselguhr when packed in paper cartridge is called Dynamite.

This product was first introduced by Alfred Nobel.

The NG content of dynamite varies from 5% to 90% of the composition depends upon the VOD, the energy released and the water resistance requirements .

Nitrocellulose serves as a gelling agent to liquid Easter to the other ingredients and prevent leaking of explosive oil.

To balancing the oxidizing salt and fuel by using oxidizer(Ammonium nitrate).

Sodium chloride is added to lower the detonation temperature.

To density the NG different ingredients are used such as starch, sulfur and vegetable gums.

CATEGORIES OF DYNAMITES Straight Dynamite Ammonia Dynamite Gelatin Dynamite Straight Gelatin Dynamite Ammonia Gelatin Dynamite Semi Gelatin Dynamite Permissible Dynamite Special Dynamite

STRAIGHT DYNAMITEIt was formulated by Nobel in 1984.

It contain kieselguhr and liquid NG(75%).

Sodium nitrate is added to increase the performance and make the reaction oxygen balance.

It is used as ditch blasting in wet soils.

AMMONIA DYNAMITE•In Ammonia dynamite ammonium nitrate was mixed with charcoal and NG.

•Ammonium Nitrate replaces Kiselguhr and adds energy, reduces cost, less water resistant.

•It has lower density and higher shock resistance.

•Medium to low VOD.

•Poor to fair water resistance.

GELATIN DYNAMITE•Prepared in 1862 by Alfred Nobel.

•Nitrocellulose with lower nitrogen content is added.

•It acts as an absorbent to retain NG in water.

•It is used in wet blasting operation.

•Gelaprime is its example•.

STRAIGHT GELATIN DYNAMITE

•It contains a high ratio of nitrocellulose to NG.

•It contains 91 % NG 8% guncotton and 1 % chalk.

•It was called 100% blasting gelatin.

•It has excellent water resistance.

•Sodium nitrate were added to obtain a oxygen balance.

AMMONIA GELATIN DYNAMITE•In this NG is substituted by NH4NO3.

•It high density and velocity.

•Its detonation pressure is high.

•It acts as an excellent booster because of high energy output.

•It is used for shooting tough rock .

SEMIGELATIN DYNAMITE•It is cross between ammonia dynamite and ammonia gelatin.

•It is less expansive than gelatin dynamite.

•It has good water resistance as compare to gelatin dynamite.

•Geldyne is its example.

PERMISSIBLE DYNAMITE

• It is formed By adding salt and other flame reducers in ammonia dynamite.

•It is developed for underground blasting especially for coal mines.

ANFO •By definition ANFO is a nitrocarbonitrate blasting agent.•It is a mixture of ammonium nitrate prills (94%) and fuel oil (6%).•The bulk density of ANFO is between 42-50 lbs per cubic feet.•The particle size of prills is -6 to +20 mesh.

•To initiate ANFO required initiation system and booster.

•Its dead press limit is 1.25cc.

•It has high resistance to water

•It has moderate VOD

•It has large heave and easy to handle and load

•Its cost around $570/ton (1999)

SLURRIESIt is an aqueous solution of

NH4NO3 and NaNO3, sensitized with a fuel

It is thickened and cross linked by gelatinous material

Contains more amount of NH4NO3 than watergels

Water resistance is increased by using gums, waxes and other materials

Slurries has cost more than ANFO

WATERGELSWatergels contains oxidizing salts, fuels and

sensitizers dissolved to form a continuous liquid phase

These are alternatives to dynamites

Thickened and to increase water resistance by gelatinous materials

Less sensitive more economical and more efficient than dynamite

Less toxic and less hazardous than dynamite

Easy to transport and store

Use in mining industry

EMULSIONSAn explosive containing oxidizer dissolved in water

droplets surrounded by an immiscible fuels

Introduced as blasting agent in 1968

It is prepared in the form of water in oil emulsions

It is stabilized by adding emulsifying agents

More efficient, powerful, and stable than watergels

Less sensitive than dynamites to heat, shock, friction

Emulsion have very high V.O.D upto 6000 m/sec

High detonation pressure

Less chemical energy per unit weight compared to ANFO

Emulsions are packaged in either paper shells or plastic film cartridges

PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVE

Explosives which are designed for mines explosion for a particular purpose

Use in gassy and dusty atmosphere Approved by Mine Safety and Health

AdministrationDeveloped for underground coal minesSodium chloride is used as an additive to

decrease the flameShould be used soon when taken

underground

PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES

NHEELUM-JHELUM HYDRO POWER PROJECT

Engineering

Explosive products ppt