Eclipse 100 - Petroleum reservoir simulation course

of 55 2014 March By: Mohammad Massah [email protected]

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ECLIPSE 100 COURSE

1ST SESSION Blackoil Reservoir Simulation By: Mohammad Massah [email protected] 09125289613 Amirkabir University of Technology SPE-Iran Amirkabir Chapter March 2014

2014 March By: Mohammad Massah [email protected]

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WHAT IS RESERVOIR SIMULATION?


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RESERVOIR SIMULATION

• Numerical modeling used to quantify and interpret physical phenomena

• Dividing the reservoir into several discrete units in three dimensions

• Modeling the progression of reservoir and fluid properties through space and time

• To project future performance.


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INTEGRATED RESERVOIR STUDY

Initial Reservoir Geometry

Formation Tops

Ø, Sw, NTG, WOC,GOC

Geology Study

Res, Geometry Correction

Fault Modeling

Zonation

Lithological modeling

Property Modeling

Static Model

Reservoir Simulation (Dynamic Model)

Sensitivity Analysis

History Matching

Prediction

Scenario Definition

Economic analysis

Reservoir Management

PVT

SCAL

VFT

Production History

Well Completion

Pressure History

Geo-Physic (Seismic)

Drilling (Cutting)

Petro-Physic (Well Log :Sonic, R,ϒ, )..

Core

Fluid Sample (Surface-Bottom Hole)

K, Ø (Rcal)

Data Center


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WHAT IS SIMULATION?

•Governing Physics

•Darcy’s Law (without gravity term)

•Material Balance Equation


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MATHEMATICS

Combination of material balance eq. and Darcy's Law


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TECHNIQUES TO SOLVE THE PHYSICS


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DISCRETIZATION AND SOLUTION

• Eclipse Uses finite difference approach

• Solution approach:

• Fully implicit (ECLIPSE default)

• Implicit Pressure, Explicit Saturation (IMPES)

• Must be used with sound engineering judgment to obtain useful results


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BLACKOIL VS. COMPOSITIONAL MODELS

• Black Oil Simulator (Eclipse 100)

• Oil & Gas Phases are represented by one component

• Assume composition of gas & oil components are constant with pressure and time

• Compositional Simulator (Eclipse 300)

• Oil & gas Phases are represented by multi components mixture

• Assume the reservoir fluids at all temperature, pressure, composition & time can be represented by EOS (PR, SRK)


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GENERAL SOLVE METHOD

• Divide reservoir into several cells

• Provide basic data for each cell

• Position wells

• Specify well production rates as a function of time

• Solve the equations to yield:

• pressure and saturation for each block

• production of each phase from each well

• Each cell is solved simultaneously

• Number of cells is related to time required for a timestep

• Short timesteps are easier (quicker) to solve


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WE ARE INTERESTED IN SIMULATING FLOW

•Flow from one grid block to the next

•Flow from a grid block to the well completion

•Flow within the wells (and surface networks)

Flow= Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference


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MODEL IS NOT THE RESERVOIR

• Input data is uncertain

• Data gathering and evaluation much more time-consuming than constructing a simulation model

• Reservoir processes and characteristics may be unknown

• The simulation software may be unsuited

• Data must be validated, that is history matched

• Data modifications must be viable and justified

• Artifacts that alter the model performance (e.g. upscaling)


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USES OF RESERVOIR SIMULATION

• Asset valuation:

• Accurate determination of recoverable reserves

• Asset management:

• Determine the most economical perforation method, well pattern, number of wells to drill, injection rates

• Determine appropriate facilities

• Uncertainty management:

• Estimate financial risk of exploration prospects & early lifecycle fields

• Assess the effects of early gas or water breakthrough or coning

• Estimate means of meeting gas deliverability contracts


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ECLIPSE BLACKOIL BASIC FEATURES


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INPUT / OUTPUT STRUCTURE


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ECLIPSE MODEL: *.DATA


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HOW ECLIPSE WORKS

• Each section of the data file is read, processed, consistency checks are performed & required information is written to various output files (ie *.PRT)

• Exceptions:

• RUNSPEC: Used for allocation of dynamic memory

• SCHEDULE: Time dependent data is read & processed every timestep


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HOW ECLIPSE SECTIONS RELATE TO THE EQUATION


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STATIC RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION


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SIMULATION WITH ECLIPSE


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HOW TO USE THE MANUALS


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ECLIPSE PRODUCTS


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OUTPUT STYLES


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OUTPUT FILES


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OUTPUT FILES


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DATA FILE FORMAT

• Input data file is text

• Can be created by Notepad or Notpad++

• Tab character and Ctrl character are not acceptable

• Keyword length is limited to eight characters

• Anything after the eighth character is taken as a comment

• Data following a keyword must begin on the next line

• The first character of each keyword should be in the first column

• This may be changed using the COLUMNS keyword


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DATA FILE FORMAT

• The file is taken as 132 characters wide

• Anything to the right of column 130 is interpreted as a comment

• COLUMNS keyword may only be needed if data from third party packages

is incorporated

• Comment lines begin with a double dash (--)

• Or begin after the forward slash terminating a keyword

• It is strongly recommended to use many comments

• ECLIPSE keywords are not case-sensitive


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DATA FILE FORMAT

• Omitting a keyword is equivalent to specifying a default

• Keywords that have data, the data record must be terminated by a slash (/)

• If a data record is terminated early with a slash, the remaining data items are

set to their Default Values

• If a keyword is omitted all its associated data items are set to their default

values

• Eclipse data file sections must come in the prescribed order

• But the order of the keywords within each section is arbitrary (except the

SCHEDULE section)


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DATA FILE FORMAT


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KEYWORD SYNTAX


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MESSAGE HANDLING SYSTEM

1. Message (Not an error, purely informative)

2. Comment (Probably not a data error)

3. Warning (Possibly a data error)

4. Problem (Calculation difficulties)

5. Error (Definitelya data error)

6. Bug (Suspected programming error)

The MESSAGES keyword allows you to modify the default

print and stop limits

Example: MESSAGES

2* 10 5* 10000 / alters print and stop limits for warnings


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GLOBAL KEYWORDS


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Eclipse 100 Course

GLOBAL KEYWORDS


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ECLIPSE DATA FILE 1. THE RUNSPEC SECTION


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RUNSPEC SECTION

• The section contains run specification data

• Functions:

• Memory allocation (RAM)

• Specifying character of the model

• Sets start date of the simulation

• Memory allocation for:

• Wells (small)

• Tabular data (small)

• Simulation grid (large)

• Solver stack (large)


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MEMORY ALLOCATION

• Grid:

• Geometry, depth, porosity, permeability, and NTG of each cell

• ECLIPSE converts this to an array of pore volumes, transmissibilities and cell center depths

• The minimum information required: five numbers per active cell

• Total number of cells equals: NX * NY * NZ.


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MEMORY ALLOCATION

• Solver stack:

• Solves equations for the pressure, saturation and gas-oil and/or oil-gas ratio in each cell

• ECLIPSE requires rapid access to several previous solutions

• Known as the solver stack, set to "10" by default

• May be altered using NSTACK keyword

• The default value of NSTACK is 10


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Eclipse 100 Course

SAMPLE RUNSPEC SECTION


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RUNSPEC

TITLE

ECLIPSE Course Example

DIMENS

20 5 10 /

FIELD

OIL

WATER

WELLDIMS

4 20 1 4 /

TABDIMS

2 2 50 50 /

START

1 JAN 1994 /

A Model With 20*5*10 Cells

Start of simulation

Phases Present may be OIL, WATER, GAS,

DISGAS, VAPOIL

Number of PVT, SCAL, Well,

Aquifer Table in Model

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SOME RUNSPEC KEYWORDS

• TITLE

• FIELD

• OIL

• GAS

• DISGAS

• WATER

• DUALPORO

• DUALPERM

• GRAVDR

• FULLIMP

• DIMENS

• WELLDIMS

• TABDIMS

• REGDIMS

• START

• MESSAGES

• NOSIM

• DPGRID

• NODPPM


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MINIMUM RUNSPEC KEYWORDS-E100

Keyword Description

TITLE Title

DIMENS Number of blocks in X,Y,Z directions

OIL, WATER, GAS, VAPOIL, DISGAS The active phases present

FIELD/ METRIC/ LAB Unit convention

START Start date of the simulation.

WELLDIMS Well and group dimensions


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RUNSPEC DEFAULTS

• Cartesian geometry

• One set of PVT and Rel. perm. tables

• One reporting region

• Unformatted restart files

• Non-unified restart files


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UNITS

• Three unit conventions can be used: • METRIC units • FIELD units • LAB units

• In Eclipse the default unit convention is METRIC Quantity Metric Field Lab

Length, depth, radius m ft. cm

Time day day hr

Density kg/m3 lbm/ft.3 g/cc

Pressure (absolute( Barsa Psia Atma

Temperature (absolute( K °R K

Temperature (difference( °C °F °C

Viscosity cpoise cpoise cpoise

Permeability MDarcy MDarcy MDarcy

Mass Kg Lb G

Moles kg-mo; Lb-mol g-mol


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RUNSPEC KEYWORDS

•The ECLIPSE Reference manual contains information about all keywords

• Data File Overview chapter shows keywords by section

• Keywords chapter contains details about each keyword


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MINIMUM RUNSPEC SECTION


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• OIL : Indicates that the run contains oil. • GAS : Indicates that the run contains gas. • DISGAS : Run contains dissolved gas in live oil. • WATER : Indicates that the run contains water. • VAPOIL: indicates that the run contains vaporized oil.

ACTIVE PHASES

# Phase

Phase Combination RUNSPEC keyword

1 Dead Oil OIL

Dry Gas GAS

Water WATER

2 Dead Oil Water OIL, Water

Dry Gas Water Gas, Water

Dead Oil Dry Gas OIL, GAS

3 Live Oil with dissolved Water OIL, Gas, DISGAS, Water

Wet Gas with vaporized

Water OIL, GAS, VAPOIL, Water

Live Oil with

dissolved

Wet Gas with

vaporized

Water OIL, GAS, DISGAS, VAPOIL,

Water


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DIMENS

• Defines the basic size of the simulation grid . • It is followed by three integers, specifying the number of cells in

the X, Y and Z or (R, Theta, Z) directions respectively.

• Example • For a reservoir represented by a 10 x 3 x 4 grid the keyword would

be:

DIMENS 10 3 4/


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WELLDIMS

• Dimensions of the well data to be used • The data must be terminated by a slash /)(. • Parameters:

1. The maximum number of wells in the model. 2. The maximum number of connections per well. 3. The maximum number of groups in the model. 4. The maximum number of wells in any one group.

Example: WELLDIMS

20 4 4 5 10 2 4 /


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TABDIMS

• Describe the sizes of saturation and PVT tables used

• Number of fluid-in-place regions

Parameters:

1. NTSFUN : The number of saturation tables entered using SGFN etc. in the PROPS section.

2. NTPVT : The number of PVT tables entered using PVTG, PVTO etc. in the PROPS section.

3. NSSFUN : The maximum number of saturation nodes in any saturation table.

4. NPPVT : The maximum number of pressure nodes in any PVT table.

5. NTFIP : The maximum number of FIP regions defined using FIPNUM in the REGIONS section.

6. NRPVT : The maximum number of Rs nodes in a live oil PVT table.

Example:

TABDIMS

2 1 20 50 4 30 /

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START

• Specifies the start date of the simulation • Any report dates entered in the DATES keyword in the SCHEDULE section must

be later than the start date 1. Day: Day of the month (an integer between 1 and 31) 2. Month : Name of the month (JAN, FEB, MAR, APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP,

OCT, NOV, DEC) 3. Year: The year (a 4-figure integer) 4. Time: The time (24 hour, in the format HH:MM:SS.SSSS)

Example START 1 OCT 1999/


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UNIFOUT

• Output files (for example Restart and Summary files), which may be

either multiple or unified, are to be unified

• The default is for multiple (non-unified) files


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FMTOUT

• This indicates that output files which may be either formatted or

unformatted are to be formatted

• This includes the SMSPEC, SUMMARY, GRID, INIT and RESTART files

• The default is unformatted, as this reduces file size and processing

time


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NOSIM

• Turns off time step simulation in the SCHEDULE section

• But the simulator will continue reading and checking the data.

• To verify the validity of the keyword syntax prior to submitting a

large simulation run


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ECLIPSE PARALLEL

• Allows the simulation of a single data set to be distributed across a number of processors

• Large simulations can be run in a shorter time

• Memory requirements for each processor are smaller

• Rule of thumb: 50k cells per processor

PARALLEL

--#Procs MachineType

4 DISTRIBUTED /


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Engineering

Eclipse 100 - Petroleum reservoir simulation course