Disaster management Flood

WITchar 2k15 Paper Presentation “Disaster Management in-Flood”

S.A.P.D. Jain Pathashala’s

Walchand Institute of Technology WI char-2k15 T

National Level Technical Symposium

PAPER PRESENTATION

“DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN-FLOOD”

Guidance:Prof.S.C.Deshmukh

Presented By:

1.BHAKTI A. NAVALE

2.BASAVARAJ V. PACHAPUR

S.E.CIVIL (WIT SOLAPUR)


INDEX Content Page no.

1. Introduction 3

2. Definition 3

3. Classification & Types of Disasters 3

4. Disaster Management and

4.1 Flood Management Why it is necessary ?

5. Disaster Management in Flood and it’s phases. 5

5.1. Disaster Preparedness 6

5.2. Disaster Impact 6

5.3. Disaster response 6

5.3.1. Medical and Public Health Response. 7

5.3.2. Communicable diseases after flood. 7

5.4. Disaster Recovery 8

5.4.1. Rebuilding of houses 8

5.5. Disaster Mitigation 8

5.5.1. Components of disaster mitigation. 8

6. Role of Civil Engineers in controlling flood 9

6.1. Developments in disaster management in India. 10

7. Disaster management training 12

7.1. Information portals and helpline numbers 12

8. Conclusion 12

9. Referances 12


1. INTRODUCTION

Disasters are as old as Mankind.The first description of Disaster and

it’smanagement comes from mythological “Noah” and his ark.Similar Flood tales

arewidespread in- Greek Mythology, Puranas, Mesopotamian stories, and many

cultures.Disaster word is originated from Greek dus=bad & aster= star i.e.Calamity due

to position of a planet or a star.Then evolved in Italian as disastro,In French désastre

(de.zastʁ). & then disaster.

2. DEFINITION

What Is Disaster ?

� It is a catastrophic situation in which the normal pattern of life or eco-system has been

disrupted and extra-ordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve

lives and or the environment

� According to the united nations,disaster is “the occurrence of sudden or major

misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of the society or

community”

� According to WHO Disaster is-“Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological

disruption, loss of human life,deterioration of health and health services on a scale,

sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or

area.”

3. TYPES OF DISASTER

DISASTERS

NATURAL DISASTERS

METEOROLOGICAL

TOPOGRAPHICAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

MAN-MADE DISASTERS

TECHNOLOGICAL

INDUSTRIAL

WARFARE


3.1 Natural Disasters:

� Meteorological Disasters: Floods,Tsunami,Cyclone ,Typhoon,Snow

storm,Blizzard, Hail storm

� Topographical Disasters: Earthquake,Volcanic Eruptions,Landslides,

Avalanches, Asteroids etc.

� Environmental Disasters: Global warming,El Niño-Southern Oscillation,

Ozonedepletion, UVB Radiation,Solar flare

etc.

3.2 Man-Made disaster

� Technological: Transport failure,Public place failure,Fire ec.

� Industrial: Chemical spills,Radioactive spills etc.

� Warfare: War,Terrorism,Internal conflicts,Civil unrest etc.

4. DISASTER MANAGEMENT

The body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities that pertain

to various stages of a disaster at all levels. It is defined as “An applied science which

seeks, by systemic observation and analysis of disasters, to improve measures relating to

prevention, emergency response, recovery and mitigation”. Encompasses all aspects of

planning for, and responding to disasters, including both pre and post disaster activities.A

continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and

implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for-

� Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.

� Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences.

� Capacity-building.

� Preparedness to deal with any disaster.

� Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.

� Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster.

� Evacuation, rescue and relief.

� Rehabilitation and reconstruction.

4.1 Flood Management & Why It Is Necessary ?

Flood: an overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially

over what is normally dry land

� India is highly vulnerable to floods.

� Out of the total geographical area of 329 million hectares (mha), more than 40 mha

(i.e-12%) is flood prone in India.


� The average annual flood damage in the last 10 years period from 1996 to 2005 was

Rs. 4745 crore as compared to Rs. 1805 crore, the corresponding average for the

previous 53 years.

� This can be due to many reasons including a steep increase in population, rapid

urbanization growing developmental and economic activities in flood plains coupled

with global warming.

� An average every year, 75 lakh hectares of land is affected, 1600 lives are lost and the

damage caused to crops, houses and public utilities is Rs.1805 crores due to floods.

The maximum number of lives (11,316) was lost in the year 1977.

� The frequency of major floods is more than once in five years.

� Flood Management outlay for XII Plan is below.

Outlay for XII Plan (2012-17)

5. PHASES OF DISASTER (FLOOD) MANAGEMENT

1. Disaster Preparedness

2. Disaster Impact

3. Disaster Response

4. Disaster Recovery

5. Disaster Mitigation

Sr.No. Name of Programme / Scheme Outlay(Rs.crore)

A Central Plan (CP)

I. Central Sector (CS)

i. River Management activities and Works

Related to Border Areas and UTs

1250.00

ii. Flood Forecasting 425.00

iii. Farakka Barrage Project (Transport Services) 800.00

Sub-total (CS) 2475.00

II. State Sector (SS)

i. Flood Management Programme 16000.00

Sub-total ( SS) 16000.00

Total (CP) 18475.00

B State Plan (SP) 39100.00

Grand Total ( CP+SP) 57575.00


5.1 Disaster Preparedness

Disaster preparedness - Is ongoing multisectoral activity.In integral part of the national

system responsible for developing plans and programmes for disaster management,

prevention, mitigation, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction.Co-ordination of a

variety of sectors to carry out-

� Evaluation of the risk.

� Adopt standards and regulations.

� Organize communication and response mechanism.

� Ensure all resources- ready and easily mobilized.

� Develop public education programmes.

� Coordinate information with news media.

� Disaster simulation exercises.

5.1.1 What to do before a flood? To prepare for a flood, you should:

� Avoid building in flood prone areas unless you elevate and reinforce your home.

� Elevate the furnace, water heater, and electric panel if susceptible to flooding.

� Seal the walls in your basement with waterproofing compounds to avoid seepage.

5.2. Disaster Impact

5.2.1. If a flood is likely to hit your area, you should: � Listen to the radio or television for information.

� Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If there is any possibility of a flash flood,

move immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for instructions to move.

� Be aware of streams, drainage channels, canyons, and other areas known to flood

suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these areas with or without such typical warnings

as rain clouds or heavy rain.

5.2.2. If you must prepare to evacuate, you should: � Secure your home. If you have time, bring in outdoor furniture. Move essential items

to an upper floor.

� Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed to do so. Disconnect

electrical appliances. Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in

water.

5.3.Disaster Response

Immediate reaction to disaster as the disaster is anticipated, or soon after it begins

in order to assess the needs, reduce the suffering, limit the spread and consequences of

the disaster, open up the way to rehabilitation.


By-

1.Mass evacuation

2.Search and rescue

3.Emergency medical services

4.Securing food and water

5.Maintenance of Law & Order

5.3.1Medical And Public Health Response

� Pre-hospital emergency services -

� Linkage to govt. incident command system.

� External medical services and extrication workers.

� Search and Rescue teams.

� Assessment of immediate health needs.

� Identification of medical & health resources.

� Temporary field treatment-Prompt and proper treatment to save lives.

Consequences of Disaster

� Health - Physical – Entanglement, Injuries, Disabilities, Coma ,Death.

Psychological- Cognitive,Behavioral,Social.

� Structural Damage – to variable extent.

� Ecological- Changes in eco system.

� Economical-Financial losses.

5.3.2. Communicable Diseases After Flood

Pre Existing Diseases In The Population : dysentery, cholera, measles, tuberculosis,

malaria, intestinal parasites, scabies, skin infections.

Ecological Changes :

� Altered ecology- vector borne and water borne diseases

� Living conditions - plague, louse borne typhus and relapsing fever.

� Stray animals and wild animal displacement-rabies.

Damage To Public Utilities :

� Water supplies & sewage disposal disrupted.


Population Movements :

� Introduction of new disease or vector.

� In settlements - diarrheal diseases,measles,viral,hepatitis, whooping cough,

malaria etc.

Interruption In Public Health Services :

� Disruption of curative and preventive services.

� Interrupted vector control - malaria, dengue

� Interrupted immunization - measles, whooping cough, and diphtheria.

5.4. Disaster Recovery

Repatriation - after the emergency is over, displaced people return to their place of

origin.

Rehabilitation -Restoration of basic social functions.Providing temporary shelters, Stress

debriefing for responders and victims,

� Economic Rehabilitation,

� Psycho-social Rehabilitation,

� Scientific Damage Assessment,

Elements of recovery

1.Community recovery (including psychological).

2.Infrastructure recovery (services and lifelines).

3.Economy recovery ( financial, political ).

4.Environment recovery

5.4.1 Rebuilding Homes

Permanently repairing and rebuilding infrastructures.

Elements -

� Owner Driven Reconstruction.

� Speedy Reconstruction.

� Linking Reconstruction with Safe Development

5.5.1. Components Of Disaster Mitigation Hazard identification,mapping andAssessment – Estimating probability of a damaging

phenomenon of given magnitude in a given area.


Considerations for Assessment-

� History

� Probability of various intensities

� Maximum threat

� Possible secondary hazards

Vulnerability analysis –A process which results in an understanding of the types and

level of exposure of persons, property, and the environment to the effects of identified

hazards at a particular time.

Risk analysis – Determining nature and scale of losses which can be anticipated in a

particular area. Involves analysis of-

� Probability of a hazard of a particular magnitude.

� Elements susceptible to potential loss/damage.

Prevention –Activities taken to prevent a natural phenomenon or potential hazard from

having harmful effects on either people or economic assets.

6. PRESENT STATUS OF FLOOD MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN INDIA &

ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

The majority of damage during natural disasters is caused due to the improper

planning of cities and various infrastructure facilities, lack of site investigations, improper

structural planning and design, violation of specifications, poor quality control at

construction works, and lack of coordination between the various agencies involved in a

project.”Prevention of natural disasters is not possible but reduction in the

undesirable effects of disasters can be the only way to cope with them.”Different

measures have been adopted to reduce the flood losses and protect the flood plains.

Depending upon the nature of works, flood protection and flood management measures

may be broadly classified as under:

(a) Engineering / Structural Measures

(b) Non-Structural Measures

(c) Catchment Area Treatment

6.1 Engineering /Structural Measures The engineering measures for flood control which bring relief to the flood prone

areas by reducing flood flows and thereby the flood levels are :

1. an artificially created reservoir behind a dam across a river

2. a natural depression suitably improved and regulated, if necessary or

3. by diversion of a part of the peak flow to another river or basin, where such

diversion would not cause appreciable damage.

4. by constructing a parallel channel bypassing a particular town/reach of the river

prone to flooding.

The engineering methods of flood protection, which do not reduce the flood flow but reduce spilling, are:

a) embankments which artificially raise the effective river bank and thereby prevent

spilling


b) channel and drainage improvement works, which artificially reduce the flood water

level so as to keep water confined within the river banks and thus prevent spilling.

Some of the important measures for flood management are enumerated below:

6.1.1. Reservoirs

Reservoirs can moderate the intensity and timing of the incoming flood. They

store the water during periods of high discharges in the river and release it after the

critical high flow condition is over, so as to be ready to receive the next wave. Their

effectiveness in moderating floods would depend on the reservoir capacity available at

that time for absorbing the flood runoff and their proximity to the likely damage centre.

They are operated with a carefully planned regulation schedule which takes into account

both the safety of the dam and related structures and the safe carrying capacity of the

lower reaches of the river in their present condition. Reservoirs are more effective for

flood management if, apart from the incidental moderation available for any type of

storage on a river, specific flood space is earmarked, as in the case of DVC dams across

the Damodar and its tributaries. India has constructed a total of 5125 large dams and 397

large dams are under construction (as on 08-09-2011) .There are 78 large dams having

height above 100 m and capacity above 1 km� out of which dedicated flood cushion has

been provided in only 10 dams.

6.1.2. Channelisation of Rivers

Some of the States are proposing channelisation of rivers, at least in certain

reaches, in the context of tackling the extensive meandering problems of the rivers,

activating navigational channels and training these rivers into their original courses.

While venturing to channelise rivers, thought must be given in allowing the river certain

freedom to flow and right of way to pass its flood waters and silt load within its natural

waterway. The dynamic nature of the rivers should be appreciated and preventive

measures planned accordingly instead of pinning down the river by channelising. During

XI Plan, major works of channelization were undertaken in Punjab and Himachal

Pradesh.

6.1.3. Channel Improvement

The method of improving the channel by improving the hydraulic conditions of

the river channels by desilting, dredging, lining etc., to enable the river to carry its

discharges at lower levels or within its banks has been often advocated but adopted on a

very limited extent because of its high cost and other problems. Dredging operations of

the Brahmaputra, which were undertaken in the early seventies on an experimental basis,

were discontinued because of their prohibitive cost and limited benefits. Dredging in

selected locations may perhaps be considered as a component of a package of measures

for channel improvement to check the river bank erosion subject to techno-economic

justification. It may be economically justifiable as a method for channel improvement

where navigation is involved. Dredging is sometimes advocated for clearing river mouth

or narrow constrictions.


6.1.4. Drainage Improvement

Surface water drainage congestion due to inadequacy of natural or artificial

drainage channels to carry the storm water discharge within a reasonable period causes

damages. It is often difficult to distinguish between flood and drainage congestion

situations. This problem is rather acute in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab,

Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Assam and West Bengal, J&K, Gujarat and Tamilnadu. Therefore,

improvement of drainage by construction of new channels or improvement in the

discharge capacity of the existing drainage system is recommended as an integral part of

the flood management programme in the country.

6.1.5. Diversion of Flood Waters

Diversion of flood waters takes a part of the flood discharge to another basin or to

the same basin downstream of the problem area or to a depression where it could be

stored for subsequent release. This measure can be used to manage unusual floods around

cities as in the case of flood spill channel near Srinagar and also in the lower reaches of a

river near the sea as in the case of Krishna,Godavari drainage scheme. Important schemes

under execution or under planning are the supplementary drain in Delhi, the outfall

channel in Jammu and Kashmir, the Damodar in the lower reaches in West Bengal, the

Thottapally Spillway diversion in Kerala, the Kolleru lake diversion into the sea in

Andhra Pradesh, the Kama-Pahari drain in Rajasthan and the Hulwaa drain in Uttar

Pradesh.

6.1.6. Watershed Management

The watershed management measures include developing and conserving the

vegetative and soil covers and also to undertake structural works like checkdams,

detention basins, diversion channels, etc. In the watershed management of upper

catchment, land treatment through afforestation and grass land development practices

should be supplemented by structural works for retarding the water velocity and arresting

silt.

Developments In Disaster Management In India

1. High Powered Committee set up in August 1999.

2. Until 2001 – Responsibility with Agriculture Ministry.

3. Transferred to Ministry of Home Affairs in June 2002.

4. National Disaster Management Authority established 28th September 2005.

5. Inclusion of Disaster Management in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution.

6. On 23 December, 2005, Disaster Management Act .


7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT TRAINING

� NIDM (National Institute of Disaster Management) provides Web based training

courses. www.onlinenidm.gov.in

Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management Framework

6 weeks course ; Fee 1500/-

Thematic- 9 Types; 4 weeks & Course fee Rs 1000/-

1.Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment

2.Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

3.Risk Analysis

4.Climate Change & Disaster Risks

5.Earthquake Risk Reduction

6.Safe Cities etc.

� Self E-learning courses- www.nidmssp.in

7.1.1 Web Portals And Helplines Related To Disasters

Dial Toll Free No. 1070

7.1.1. Contact

� NDMA Control Room -26701728,730; Fax-26701729;9868891801, 9868101885

[email protected]; [email protected]

7.1.2. Website

� Republic of India- http:// ndma.gov.in

8. CONCLUSION

In India maximum area (i.e.12.5%) is prone to flood and every year so many

peoples are facing this problem therefore ,Flood Management is very essential to

preperedness, response,recovery, reconstruction and mitigation of flood .To control any

disaster, management plays very important role because in disaster, losses are

tremendous,to control and save something is not possible without it’s pre-planning and

management. Disaster management is very challenging problem to Civil Engineers and

it’s solution is completely depends on Civil Engineers only.

9. REFERANCES

� Government of India Planning Commission Report on Flood Management and

Region Specific Issues for XII plan.

� “Disaster management in India” by Anand Patwardhan (IIT-Bombay).

� http://www.bmtpc.org/disaster.htm

� http://www.ndmindia.nic.in