Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Road tunnels play a key role in the world transportation network, both in people and goods transport. The fire disaster of the Mont-Blanc Tunnel (39 fatalities, March 1999) pointed out the question of tunnel fire safety for road users. This aspect was highlighted by the tragic fires of the Tauern Tunnel and the St. Gothard Tunnel, occurred in the successive two years (12 fatalities, May 1999 and 11 fatalities, October 2001 respectively). The social and economic impact of these events has underlined the inadequacy of the tunnel design/management and of the national guidelines. The European Commission started a radical review of tunnel fire safety, operating in order to upgrade the existing tunnels and improve the European guidelines. Almost a decade later than the Directive 2004/54/EC, the tunnel fire safety is leading towards harmonized guidelines throughout Europe; technical installations and their performances are studied today using advanced calculation methods, such as the Computational Fluid Dynamics (“CFD”) models, that give a detailed description of the fire phenomenon. The diffusion of these advance methods is due to three main reasons: first of all, the comprehension of tunnel fire dynamics has been improved thanks to experimental tests, real fire events and analytical calculations; secondly, the diffusion of modern computers and advanced softwares has widened enormously the computational capacities of tunnel fire modelling; thirdly, the national guidelines have progressively adopted a performance-based fire design as a basis for the tunnel fire safety. This work is a representation of performance-based structural fire safety; the impact of a road tunnel fire is investigated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (“CFD”) model, in order to give a realistic reproduction of a large tunnel fire (real fire curves).
Citation preview
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”
School of Civil and Industrial Engineering
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y. 2013/2014
Advisor:
Prof. Eng. Franco Bontempi
Co-advisor:
Eng. Alessandra Lo CaneRome, 21 May 2014
CO
NC
EP
TU
AL
MA
P
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
1
4) Results
3) Specific aspects
2) General framework
1) Problem
TUNNEL FIRE
SAFETY
COMPREHENSION OF FIRE
DYNAMICS
CASE HISTORY
140 EVENTS
STATISTICS
SPECIFIC EVENT
(FREJUSFIRE)
FLOW CHART OF
THE EVENT
NORMATIVE ASPECTS
EUROPEAN NORMS: Directive
2004/54/EC
ITALIAN NORMS: D.Lgs
264/2006, ANAS 2009
NUMERICAL ASPECTS
TUNNEL CFD
MODELS
EXPLICIT HGV FIRE
quantitativeRISK
ANALYSIS
BENCHMARK OF THE CODE
CO
MP
RE
HE
NS
ION
OF
FIR
E D
YN
AM
ICS
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
2
2A) FIRE
DYNAMICSUNDERSTANDING FIRE DYNAMICS
CLASSIFICATION OF
THE CASE HISTORY
SPECIFIC EVENT:
FREJUS FIRE – 06/04
a1) Typology of tunnel
a2) Length of the tunnel
a3) Cause of ignition
a4) Number of victims
a5) Number of wounded persons
a6) Relevant structural damages
N°0)
EVENT
1)
TYPOLOGY
2)
FATALITIES
3)
WOUNDED
4)
STRUCTURAL
D.
5)
LENGHT
6)
CAUSE
7)
COUNTRY
1S. Martino
10/09/2007R 2 137 YES
A
4.8 km
HF
CollisionITA
2Burnley
23/03/2007R 3 3 NO
A
3.5 km
HF
CollisionAUS
3Eidsvoll
26/10/2006R 1 1 NO
B
1.2 km
HF
CollisionNOR
4Viamala
16/09/2006R 9 9 NO
C
0.7 km
HF
CollisionSWI
5Mauernried
25/12/2005R 5 5 NO
D
0.3 km
HF
CollisionGER
Directive 2004/54/EC
NORMATIVE
ASPECTSN
OR
MA
TIV
E A
SP
EC
TS
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
3
2B) NORMS
1) DIRECTIVE 2004/54/EC about ‘minimum requirements for all the tunnels of the Trans-European Road
Network’ : gives a whole new approach in the tunnel fire safety, for as regards both new and existing tunnels.
- Definition of MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ROAD TUNNELS LONGER THAN 500 m;
- Introduction of the RISK ANALYSIS as an instrument for RISK ASSESSEMENT and DECISION
MAKING; RISK ANALYSIS is explicitly required in tunnel projecting;
- Definition of the SAFETY PARAMETERS of road tunnels that SHALL BE TAKEN INTO COUNT
EXPLICITLY IN THE RISK ANALYSIS (length of the tunnels, cross section, lanes, traffic etc).
2) D. Lgs. 264/2006: EXECUTIVE NORM for Italy of the previous Directive 2004/54.
executive
D. Lgs. 264/2006
«on Minimun Requirements for all the Tunnel of the
Trans-European Road Network (TERN)»
CASE HISTORY OF
MAJOR TUNNEL FIRES
BE
NC
HM
AR
K O
F T
HE
CA
LC
UL
AT
ION
CO
DE
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
4
2C) NUMERICAL ASPECTSNUMERICAL
ADVANCED METHODS
for the assessment of the
consequence of road
tunnel fires
BENCHMARK OF THE
CODE: Fire Dynamics
Simulator (FDS), vers. 6.0
ISO 13887 (‘Assessment and
verification of Mathematical
Fire Models’)
NUREG 1824 (‘Validation of
Fire Models for nuclear power
plant applications
CRITERIA
REFERENCES
PHYSICAL ACCURACY
(representativeness of the
phenomenon)
MATHEMATICAL
ACCURACY (absence of
large numerical errors)
PHYSICAL
ACCURACY
MATHEMATICAL
ACCURACY
ANALYTICAL TESTS (submodels)
SENSITIVITY TO PHISICAL PARAMETERS
CODE CHECKING
INFLUENCE OF THE MESH (‘sensitivity analysis’)
NUMERICAL TESTS (DNS simulations)
𝓧
𝓧
𝓧
BE
NC
HM
AR
K O
F T
HE
CA
LC
UL
AT
ION
CO
DE
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
5
2C) NUMERICAL ASPECTS
IGNITIONBENCHMARK OF THE
CODE: Fire Dynamics
Simulator (FDS), vers. 6.0
1) MODEL # 1
a) GLOBAL LEVEL
c) LOCAL LEVEL
b) INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
2) MODEL # 2 3) MODEL # 2*
Mesh transformations
4) MODEL # 3
5) MODEL # 4
MAIN ASPECTS OF THE BENCHMARK:
1) A fine grid (namely about 25 cm) should be used to represent adequately the fire source;
2) The use of a fine grid increases significantly calculation times;
3) Possibility to represent the following phenomena:
IGNITION (surface, object) FLASHOVER PROPAGATION INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN
ADVANCED NUMERICAL
METHODS:
Application to a REAL
TUNNEL
TU
NN
EL
MO
DE
LL
ING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
GEOMETRY SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
Cro
ss s
ecti
on
ST. DEMETRIO
ROAD TUNNEL
(SICILY)
GEOGRAPHY
CA
TA
NIA
-S
YR
AC
US
E
Pa
ram
eter
s
Mechanical ventilation
Safety infrastructures
Illumination
Safety/control systems
Systems for users’
information
Eng. Luigi Carrarini
ANAS
Risk Analysis
Tunnel schedule
Quantitative Risk Analysis
(QRA)
Qualitative Risk Analysis
(Risk Matrix)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
ST. DEMETRIO
6
ADVANCED NUMERICAL
METHODS:
Application to a REAL
TUNNEL
TU
NN
EL
MO
DE
LL
ING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
ST. DEMETRIO
ROAD TUNNEL
(SICILY)
Eng. Luigi Carrarini
ANAS
Risk Analysis
Tunnel schedule
2C) REAL TUNNEL
ST. DEMETRIO
7
ADVANCED NUMERICAL
METHODS:
Application to a REAL
TUNNEL
CR
EA
TIN
G A
SC
EN
AR
IO
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
SCENARIOVENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL
2C) REAL TUNNEL
HGV MODEL
LARGE SCALE FIRE TESTS – RUNEHAMAR TESTS (2003)
CONE CALORIMETER
VALIDATED MODELS
LARGE SCALE TESTS
5.5 ton
81% wood
19% plastic
8
ADVANCED NUMERICAL
METHODS:
Application to a REAL
TUNNEL
TU
NN
EL
MO
DE
LL
ING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
ST. DEMETRIO
ROAD TUNNEL
(SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
HGV MODEL
VALIDATED MODELS FOR VEHICLES – BUILDING A SIMPLE MODEL
To model the real geometry of the pallets, a
mesh of about 1 cm or less would be required:
this is pratically impossible
SIMPLIFIED APPROACH: materials are
organized in layers
9
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL CONE CALORIMETER
VALIDATED MODELS
LARGE SCALE TESTS
ADVANCED NUMERICAL
METHODS:
Application to a REAL
TUNNEL
TU
NN
EL
MO
DE
LL
ING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
ST. DEMETRIO
ROAD TUNNEL
(SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
HGV MODEL
VALIDATED MODELS FOR VEHICLES – BUILDING A SIMPLE MODEL
To model the real geometry of the pallets, a
mesh of about 1 cm or less would be required:
this is pratically impossible
SIMPLIFIED APPROACH: materials are
organized in layers
10
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL CONE CALORIMETER
VALIDATED MODELS
LARGE SCALE TESTS
ADVANCED NUMERICAL
METHODS:
Application to a REAL
TUNNEL
TU
NN
EL
MO
DE
LL
ING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
ST. DEMETRIO
ROAD TUNNEL
(SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
HGV MODEL
11
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL CONE CALORIMETER
VALIDATED MODELS
LARGE SCALE TESTS
IGNITION SOURCEOTHER MATERIALS
ADVANCED NUMERICAL
METHODS:
Application to a REAL
TUNNEL
TU
NN
EL
MO
DE
LL
ING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
ST. DEMETRIO
ROAD TUNNEL
(SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
HGV MODEL
OTHER MATERIALS
12
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL CONE CALORIMETER
VALIDATED MODELS
LARGE SCALE TESTS
IGNITION SOURCE
ADVANCED NUMERICAL
METHODS:
Application to a REAL
TUNNEL
TU
NN
EL
MO
DE
LL
ING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
ST. DEMETRIO
ROAD TUNNEL
(SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
VENTILATION
MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
NATURAL
VENTILATIONONLY FOR TUNNELS NO LOGER THAN 500 m
TRANSVERSE: often in BIDIRECTIONAL
TUNNELS (ONE TUBE)
LONGITUDINAL: in MONODIRECTIONAL
TUNNELS (TWO TUBES) – «JET FANS
SYSTEMS»
13
MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
NATURAL VENTILATION
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL
ADVANCED NUMERICAL
METHODS:
Application to a REAL
TUNNEL
TU
NN
EL
MO
DE
LL
ING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
ST. DEMETRIO
ROAD TUNNEL
(SICILY)
2C) REAL TUNNEL
VENTILATION
MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
NATURAL VENTILATION
MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
NATURAL
VENTILATIONONLY FOR TUNNELS NO LOGER THAN 500 m
TRANSVERSE: often in BIDIRECTIONAL
TUNNELS (ONE TUBE)
LONGITUDINAL: in MONODIRECTIONAL
TUNNELS (TWO TUBES) – «JET FANS
SYSTEMS»
𝓧
13
VENTILATION
VEHICLE MODEL
Scenario Fire source Distance from
the portal Ventilation Jet fans
1 2 CARS 200 m Yes (~ 3 m/s) Yes
2 BUS 200 m Yes (~ 3 m/s) Yes
RE
SU
LT
S O
F T
HE
AN
AL
YS
IS
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
RESULTS OF THE
ANALYSIS
HGV SIMULATIONS RISK ANALYSIS
Scenario Fire source Distance from
the portal Ventilation Jet fans
1 HGV 200 m No No
2 HGV 200 m Yes (1 m/s) No
3 HGV 200 m Yes (2 m/s) No
4 HGV 200 m Yes (3 m/s) No
5 HGV 200 m Yes (~ 2 m/s) Yes
The vehicles are not modelled explicitly, but using a specific
ramp (forced combustion at a specific rate).
RESULTS RESULTS
Global level: SMOKE and FLAME DEVELOPMENT
(qualitative); FIELDS OF TEMPERATURES
Intermediate level: HRR and BURNING RATE
Local level: THERMOCOUPLES
Global level: SMOKE DEVELOPMENT (qualitative);
FIELDS OF TEMPERATURES
Local level: TEMPERATURES, CO, SOOT and
OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS, VISIBILITY, FED
14
RE
SU
LT
S O
F T
HE
AN
AL
YS
IS
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
t = 1 min
t = 2 min
t = 3 min
t = 4 min
t = 5 min
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
GLOBAL LEVEL RESULTS: 1) SMOKE DEVELOPMENT BACKLAYERING after 95 s
TUNNEL FULFILLMENT after 239 s
REACHED BY SMOKE after 54 sREACHED BY SMOKE after 208 s
2895 m
+ z + y
2295 m 2595 m 2695 m
BY-PASS BY-PASS HGV
EXIT PORTAL (Syracuse) ENTRANCE PORTAL (Catania)
TRAFFIC FLOW105 m 195 m300 m
+ Φ+ z 9.5 Φ 36.8 Φ 45.9 Φ27.3 Φ 9.5 Φ 17.7 Φ
v = 2 m / s (uniform)
66.7 Φ
15
RE
SU
LT
S O
F T
HE
AN
AL
YS
IS
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
2190 m
LOCAL LEVEL RESULTS: 1) THERMOCOUPLES
Front
FIRE SOURCE
Mid1 Mid2 Back
2895 m
+ z + y
2295 m 2595 m 2695 m
BY-PASS BY-PASS HGV
EXIT PORTAL (Syracuse) ENTRANCE PORTAL (Catania)
TRAFFIC FLOW105 m 195 m300 m
+ Φ+ z 9.5 Φ 36.8 Φ 45.9 Φ27.3 Φ 9.5 Φ 17.7 Φ
v = 2 m / s (uniform)
66.7 Φ
HGV / #3
PRESCRIPTIVE FIRE
BASED DESIGN
PERFORMANCE FIRE
BASED DESIGN
16
NO DECAY
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
CO
MP
AR
ISO
N
«FUEL – CONTROLLED» FIRES
UNLESS SEVERAL VEHICLES ARE INVOLVED IN THE FIRE, THE QUANTITY OF AIR IS MUCH
ENOUGH TO ALLOW THE COMPLETE COMBUSTION OF THE MATERIAL: THE VEHICLE
BURNS AS IN OUTDOOR FIRES, WHERE THE VENTILATION DOESN’T INFLUENCE THE HEAT
RELEASE.
CFD comparison test*
Scenario #2 – v = 1 m/s
Scenario #1 – v = 0 m/s
Scenario #3 – v = 2 m/s
TIME SHIFT FOR
THE HRR CURVE
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL RESULTS: 1) SMOKE DEVELOPMENT
17
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
CO
MP
AR
ISO
N
«FUEL – CONTROLLED» FIRES
THE TIME SHIFT IS ASSOCIATED TO
THE DIFFERENT ORIENTATION OF
THE IGNITION SOURCE IN THE
COMPARED SIMULATIONS.
CFD comparison test*
Scenario #2 – v = 1 m/s
Scenario #1 – v = 0 m/s
Scenario #3 – v = 2 m/s
TIME SHIFT FOR
THE HRR CURVE
+ z
- x- y
≠
Scenario #1 – v = 0 m/sCFD comparison test*
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL RESULTS: 1) SMOKE DEVELOPMENT
17
SIMPLIFIED APPROACH
FOR QUANTITATIVE RISK
ASSESSMENT
TU
NN
EL
MO
DE
LL
ING
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
BURNING SURFACES
ON THE BASIS OF THE
EUREKA TESTS
2C) REAL TUNNEL
VENTILATION
18
CRITERIA FOR
QUANTITATIVE
RISK ASSESSMENT
2 CARS FIRE
BUS FIRE
WHICH ASPECTS OF
THE FIRE THREAT TO
USER’S LIFE?
HEAT
SMOKE
RADIATION
SIMPLIFIED
APPROACHES: based on
simple criteria about the
mentioned aspects
COMPLETE
APPROCHES: based on
toxicity criteria with all the
concentrations of toxic
gases and oxygen. Carbon
monoxideOxygen
Carbon
dioxide
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
RE
SU
LT
S O
F T
HE
AN
AL
YS
IS
GLOBAL LEVEL RESULTS: 1) SMOKE DEVELOPMENT – 2 CARS FIRE
2895 m
+ z + y
2190 m 2295 m 2595 m 2695 m
BY-PASS BY-PASS BUS
EXIT PORTAL (Syracuse) ENTRANCE PORTAL (Catania)
TRAFFIC FLOW100 m 200 m300 m
+ Φ+ z 9.5 Φ 38.1 Φ 47.6 Φ
66.7 Φ
28.6 Φ 9.5 Φ 19 Φ
JET FAN JET FAN
JET FAN
2375 m 2525 m 2675 m 2825 m
v,emergency ~ 3 m / s (jet fans)
t = 4 min
t = 6 min
t = 8 min
t = 10 min
t = 12 min
REACHED BY SMOKE after 49 sREACHED BY SMOKE after 205 s 𝑉𝑚,1= 2.04 m/s𝑉𝑚,2= 1.92 m/s
t = 14 min
Controlled Backlayering
19
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
RE
SU
LT
S O
F T
HE
AN
AL
YS
IS
GLOBAL LEVEL RESULTS: 1) SMOKE DEVELOPMENT – BUS FIRE
2895 m
+ z + y
2190 m 2295 m 2595 m 2695 m
BY-PASS BY-PASS BUS
EXIT PORTAL (Syracuse) ENTRANCE PORTAL (Catania)
TRAFFIC FLOW100 m 200 m300 m
+ Φ+ z 9.5 Φ 38.1 Φ 47.6 Φ
66.7 Φ
28.6 Φ 9.5 Φ 19 Φ
JET FAN JET FAN
JET FAN
2375 m 2525 m 2675 m 2825 m
v,emergency ~ 3 m / s (jet fans)
t = 2 min
t = 4 min
t = 6 min
t = 8 min
t = 10 min
REACHED BY SMOKE after 66 sREACHED BY SMOKE after 154 s 𝑉𝑚,1= 1.51 m/s𝑉𝑚,2= 2.59 m/s
Loss of stratification
20
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
CO
NC
LU
SIO
NI
CONCLUSIONS:
- Numerical advanced methods are assuming a crucial role in the Fire Safety
Engineering, with an increasing level of detailing and a fine reprodution of the
phenomenon; the main advantages are the deterministic description of the
consequences of a fire and the diffusion of validated models for vehicles, extremely
useful both in the Fire Structural Engineering and in the Risk Analysis, and the
possibility to assess different failure scenarios.
- The explicit model of a vehicle can catch very precise (local) aspects that can’t be
reproduced with a different approach;
- Some aspects are well catched by the model of the St. Demetrio Road tunnel
(growing phase, peak of HRR, first phase of decay), while others would need a
finer model, both for the grid and the vehicle;
- The criteria for the assessment of the risk give a very precise description of the
safety conditions inside a tunnel for escaping users.
21
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
THE END
22
Fig. 6.6 – Summary of the local results (thermocouple temperatures).
Fig. 6.7 – Temperatures above the fire source.
The local analysis of the temperatures (fig. 6.6 and 6.7) show that the temperature above
the fire source is good represented (unless the second phase of the decay mentioned
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
TU
RB
UL
EN
CE
MO
DE
LL
ING
23
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
TU
RB
UL
EN
CE
MO
DE
LL
ING
24
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
TU
RB
UL
EN
CE
MO
DE
LL
ING
25
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
TU
RB
UL
EN
CE
MO
DE
LL
ING
26
“Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations
for Risk Analysis of Fires in Road Tunnels”Candidate:
Tiziano Baroncelli
A.Y.:
2013 - 2014
TU
RB
UL
EN
CE
MO
DE
LL
ING
27
![CFD INVESTIGATION OF SMOKE MANAGEMENT IN … · fire in tunnels [4, 5, 6].During fires, the accumulation of heat generated by fires can cause the temperature of the confined space](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/5ec80e7cabbb07064d027a20/cfd-investigation-of-smoke-management-in-fire-in-tunnels-4-5-6during-fires.jpg)
