BYAMIL KUMAR HRANGKHAWLIII SEMESTERB.ARCH

CEMENT

CONTENTS•INTRODUCTION•HISTORY•TERMINOLOGY•DEFINTION•CLASSIFICATION•CHEMICAL COMPOUND IN CEMENT•MANUFACTURE•CHARACTERISTICS•COMMON APPLICATION•ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE•CONCLUSION

•INTRODUCTION•The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick  additives that were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment, and cement.

HISTORY Cement first discovered combination of hydrated

non-hydraulic lime and pozzolana hydraulic mixture.

First used by the Ancient Macedonians and three centuries.

Later on a large scale by Roman engineers.  They used both natural pozzolans (trass or pumice)

and artificial pozzolana (ground brick or pottery) in these concretes.

Excellent examples :-1)The huge dome of the Pantheon, Rome. 2)The massive Baths of Caracalla. 3)Roman aqueducts made of extensive use hydraulic cement.

The making hydraulic cement was later formalized by French and British engineers in the 18th century.

Modern hydraulic cement developed starting f the industries revolution(around 1800)

Cement was first made by Joseph Aspdin in 1824 in England.

TERMINOLOGY

DEFINATIONCements are materials that exhibit characteristic properties of setting and hardening when mixed to a paste with water. This makes them join rigid masses into coherent structures. It is powdery bonding material having adhesive and cohesive properties.

Chemically it is a finely ground mixture of calcium silicates and aluminates which set to a hard mass when treated with water. These are called as Hydraulic Cements (Portland Cement) and those setting in air are Non Hydraulic cements (Ordinary Lime).

CLASSIFICATION

Ordinary portland cement.Rapid hardening cement.Quick setting cement.Blast furnace slag cement.High alumina cement.Low heat cement.

OTHERS CEMENT Portland pozzolana cement Portland slag cement Hydrphobic cement Silvicrete white cemen Oil well cement Rediset cement Shrinkkomp cement Calundum cement Firecrete and firecrete super cement Cal-al-75 cement Whytheat cement Insulyte cement Accoset-50 cement Accocid cement Accoproof cement

SETTING HOURS

Type of cement Initial setting Final setting

Normal setting Not less than 30 mins.

Not more than 10 hrs.

Rapid hardening ditto Ditto

Quick setting Not less than 5 minute

Not more than 3 minutes

Low heat Not less than 1 hours Not more than 10 hours

High alumina Not less than 2 hoursNor more than 6 hours

Not more than 2hours after the initial set.

PORTLAND CEMENT GRADE

33 grade –General Construction like plastering, finishing works etc, where strength is not required. 

43 grade –Useful for structural works, precast items etc, Strength development is faster than 33 grade

53 grade–Used for multi-storey buildings, precast pre-stressed items, bridges, tall structures , etc. Develops very fast strength and speeds up construction.

CHEMICAL COMPOUND

COMPOUND PROPORTION

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

IMPORTANT PROCESS• Crushing• Mixing (Wet Process)• Mixing (Dry Process)• Grinding (Ball Mill and Tube Mill) • Storage of Ground Materials• Burning

– Drying Zone– Calcination Zone– Clinkering Zone

• Grinding– Retarder– Dispersing Agent– Water Proofing

• Packaging

RAW MATERIALS IN CEMENT

CALCIUM SILICA ALUMINA IRON OXIDE

LIMESTONE SAND CLAY IRON ORE

SHALE CLAY SHALE CLAY

MARL SHALE SLAG MILL SCALE

CHARACTERISTIC When water is added to initiate dry mixtures of

cement and sand, hydration of cement starts and it will binds sand particles as well as the surrounding surfaces of masonry and concrete.

The proportion of cement and sand will decide the strength of mortar.

A richer mix than 1:3 proportion is prone to shrinkage.

Solid surface are provided by well proportioned mortar.

A leaner mix is not able of closing the voids in sand

COMMON APPLICATION

Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks, mortar, panels, plaster).

Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, sleepers, viaducts, tunnels, stabilization, runways, parking).

Water (pipes, culverts, kerbing, drains, canals, weirs, dams, tanks, pools).

Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing, poles, pylons, fencing).

Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, feedlots, irrigation).

Application in daily life

Water to Cement Ratio (W/C Ratio)

Advantage and Disadvantage

Advantages:

Cement is very strong.It can create large structures quickly.It conforms to different shapes (arcs and circles, etc).It has high thermal mass (moderates temperature).

Disadvantages:Cement is subjected to cracking.It is very difficult to provide idoneous curing conditions.It is not ideal for situation when settlement is expected

CONCLUSION Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and

hardens independently, and can bind other materials together.

It was first made by Joseph Aspdin in 1824 in England It is Classified as Natural Cement, Pozzolana Cement,

Slag Cement, Portland Cement. Portland cement is most commonly used. Its manufacturing process consists of Crushing,

Mixing (Wet Process), Mixing (Dry Process), Grinding (Ball Mill and Tube Mill), Storage of Ground Materials, Burning, Packaging and finally transporting to sell.

It is most commonly used in building construction, civil, water carrying and storage, transportation and agriculture

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