Biomass Gasification for Hydrogen ProductionPresented By Md Tanvir AlamDepartment of Environmental EngineeringYonsei University

Introduction

Introduction What is biomass?

Introduction What is Gasification?

A process that converts organic or fossil fuel based carbonaceous materials into CO, H2 and CO2

By reacting the material at high temperatures (>700 °C)

With controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam

Introduction What is hydrogen fuel?

Zero-emission fuel when burned with oxygen

Hydrogen (H2) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form water (H2O) and releases energy.

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)

IntroductionWhy we need hydrogen fuel?

Renewable energy

Clean energy

Environment friendly

Fuel efficient

IntroductionWhy hydrogen production from bio-

mass? Renewable resource

Most abundant

Carbon neutral

Cost effective

Easy to use

IntroductionPathways from Biomass to Hydrogen Production

Reference: Milne et al. (2001) National Renewable Energy Laborat-ory, USA

Methodology

Methodology

Methodology

Source: Cuiping et al. (2004). Biomass and bioenergy, 27(2), 119-130.

Elemental characteristics of biomass

Methodology

Reference: Higman & Burgt (2008). Gasification (2nd edition), Gulf Professional Publishing

1. C + ½ O2 → CO (-111 MJ/kmol)

2. CO + ½ O2 → CO2  (-283 MJ/kmol)

3. H2 + ½ O2 → H2O (-242 MJ/kmol)

Major chemical reactions within gasification process:

Methodology

Reference: Higman & Burgt (2008). Gasification (2nd edition), Gulf Professional Publishing

7. CO + H2O ↔ CO2 + H2  "Water-Gas-Shift Reaction"(-41 MJ/kmol)

8.  CH4 + H2O ↔ CO2 + 3 H2 "Steam-Methane-Reforming Reac-tion"(+206 MJ/kmol)

4. C + H2O ↔ CO + H2 "the Water-Gas Reaction"(+131 MJ/kmol)

5. C + CO2 ↔ 2CO "the Boudouard Reaction"(+172 MJ/kmol)

6. C + 2H2 ↔ CH4 "the Methanation Reaction"(-75 MJ/kmol)

Result & Discussion

Result & DiscussionFeedstock Reactor Catalyst used Hydrogen production (vol

%)References

Sawdust Unknown Na2CO3 48.32 at 700 °C55.40 at 800 °C59.80 at 900 °C

Yongje et al.(1996) Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica

Sawdust Circulating fluidized bed Not used 10.5 at 810 °C Chuangzhi et al. (1997) Acta En-ergiae Solaris Sinica

Wood Fixed bed Not used 7.7 at 550 °C Xia et al. (2000) ) Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica

Sawdust Fluidized bed Unknown 57.4 at 800 °C Turn et al. (1998) Int. Jour. of Hy-drogen Energy

Sawdust Fluidized bed NiK2CO3CaONa2CO3

62.10 at 830 °C11.27 at 964 °C13.32 at 1008 °C14.77 at 1012 °C

Rapagna et al. (1998) Int. Jour. of Hydrogen EnergyChun et al.(2001) Chemistry and Industry of Forest Product

Pine sawdust Fluidized bed Unknown 26-42 at 700-800 °C Zhewei et al. (2002) Jour. Of Fuel Chemistry and Technology

Bagasse Fluidized bed Unknown 29-38 at 700-800 °C Same as above

Cotton stem Fluidized bed Unknown 27-38 at 700-800 °C Same as above

Sewage sludge Downdraft Unknown 10-11 at 700-800 °C Midilli et al. (2002) Int. Jour. of Hydrogen Energy

Almond shell Fluidized bed La-Ni-FePerovskite

62.8 at 800 °C63.7 at 900 °C Rapagna et al. (2002) Biomass &

BioenergySwitchgrass Moving bed Cu-Zn-Al 27.1 Brown (2003) National Renew-

able energy Laboratory

Factors that influence hydrogen productionTemperature

Type of reactor

Feeding materials

Catalysts

Cost Estimation

Source: Bowen et al. (2003) National Renewable Energy Lab, USA

Feedstock Moisture Content

Test Run (tonnes/day)

Bagasse 20% 500,1000,2000

Switchgrass 12% 500,1000,2000

Nutshell 12.5% 500

Fig. Process flow diagram

Cost estimation

Detailed breakdown of capital cost

Including labour, construction and in-stallation

Cost Estimation

Source: Bowen et al. (2003) National Renewable Energy Lab, USA

Cost Estimation

Source: Bowen et al. (2003) National Renewable Energy Lab, USA

Results of economical analysis for gasification of three biomass feedstocks

Future TrendHydrogen Production by Reaction Integrated Novel Gasification (HyPr-RING) process

Source: Lin et al. (2002) Energy Conversion and Management

Future TrendConcept of Hydrogen Production by Reaction Integrated Novel Gasification (HyPr-RING) process

Source: Lin et al. (2002) Energy Conversion and Management

Conclusion

Conclusion It is possible to achieve hydrogen production about 60 vol.% using a flu-

idized bed gasifier along with suitable catalyst. Such high conversion efficiency makes biomass gasification an attractive hydrogen produc-tion alternative.

The cost of hydrogen production by biomass gasification is competitive with natural gas reforming

Based on both economical and environmental consideration hydrogen production from biomass gasification should be a promising option.

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