Government has released National Biofuel Policy in

March 2006

Aim: Reduce dependence of fossil fuel by promoting

demand of vegetable or animal fat as alternative as

biofuel.

Cost of feedstock

Biodiesel usually have high cost thanpetroleum-based diesel.

Process of making biodiesel are fixed, findthe low cost of raw material.

Produce biodiesel from waste chicken fats via microwave-assisted base catalyst transesterificationprocess

Optimize effect of reaction temperature, concentration of catalyst, molar ratio alcohol to oil and reaction time

Characterize the quality of biodiesel produced from chicken fats according to ASTMD 6751

made from vegetable oil or animal fat

easy-to-make

mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived

from renewable lipid sources

clean burning diesel alternative

Alcoholysis which the displacement of alcohol group from an

ester changed by another alcohol

FAME

FAME

FAME

Triglycerides

Monoglycerides

Diglycerides

List of Equipment Used:

Microwave Digester Drying Oven Gas Chromatography

Extraction of oil from chicken fats

Pre-treatment of Oil

Transesterification Process using Microwave Digester

Separation Of Methyl Ester and Glycerol

Washing process by using warm water

Characterization of biodiesel properties (Density, Iodine Value, Acid Value and Gas Chromatography Analysis)

Summary- Design of Experiment

Study Type Response Surface

Initial Design Box-Behnken

Design Model Quadratic

Runs 29

Blocks No Blocks

• Extraction of Chicken Oil

• Pretreatment of Chicken Oil• Free Fatty Acid(FFA) Analysis

• Digestion of Biodiesel • Separation of FAME and Glycerol

• Washing of Biodiesel • Biodiesel

• Characterization of FAME (Fatty Acids Methyl Ester)

Acid Number Iodine Value

Density Fatty Acids Analysis

Figure 4.1 Plot of predicted values against the experimental

value

Figure 4.2: Normal probability plot of residual for biodiesel

yield

R2 = 0.7759

y= 77.43+2.77A+5.23B+0.80C+3.85D+4.42AB-2.22AC-3.38AD+4.53BC+3.77D+2.95CD+2.29A2-5.09B2-2.69C2+7.88D2 (.Eq 4.1)

Where, y = biodiesel yield

A = molar ratio of methanol to oil

B = reaction time

C = catalyst concentration

D = reaction temperature

• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Source Sum of

Squares

Degree of

Freedom

(DF)

Mean

Square

F-value Prob.> F Comment

Model

A

B

C

D

AB

AC

AD

BC

BD

CD

A^2

B^2

C^2

D^2

1720.87

91.96

328.44

7.65

177.87

78.15

19.71

45.70

81.90

56.85

34.81

34.02

167.89

46.94

402.52

14

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1122.92

91.96

328.44

7.65

177.87

78.15

19.71

45.70

81.90

56.85

34.81

34.02

167.89

46.94402.52

3.46

2.59

9.25

0.22

5.01

2.20

0.56

1.29

2.31

1.60

0.98

0.96

4.73

1.32

11.34

0.0134

0.1299

0.0088

0.6497

0.0420

0.1601

0.4685

0.2757

0.1511

0.2264

0.3389

0.3443

0.0473

0.26950.0046

significant

Residual

Lack of FitPure Error

497.13

486.54

10.60

14

104

35.51

48.65

2.65

18.36 0.0064 significant

Cor Total 2218.01 28

• RSM Analysis of Transesterification

Figure 4.3: Response surface plot of

biodiesel yield as a function of catalyst

concentration and molar ratio

Figure 4.4: Response surface plot

of biodiesel yield as a function of

temperature and molar ratio

Figure 4.5: Response surface plot of

biodiesel yield as a function of reaction

time and molar ratio

Figure 4.6: Response surface plot of

biodiesel yield as a function of

temperature and catalyst concentration

Figure 4.7: Response surface plot of

biodiesel yield as a function of reaction

time and catalyst concentration

Figure 4.8: Response surface plot of

biodiesel yield as a function of reaction

time and temperature

Number Molar

Ratio of

Alcohol

to Oil

Reaction

Time, min

Catalyst

Concentr

ation,

wt/wt%

Temperat

ure, °C

Biodiesel

Yield, %

Desirabili

ty

1 3.00 11.25 0.17 78.87 92.6345 0.277

2 3.00 11.29 0.17 78.86 92.6795 0.277

3 3.00 11.23 0.17 78.87 92.5694 0.277

Table 4.4 Solution generated based on potential factor setting

• Optimization and Verification of Model

• Quantitative Analysis of Chicken Fat Methyl Ester (CFME)

Acid Number, mg

KOH g- Iodine Value Density, kg m-3

Chicken Fat Methyl

Ester (CFME)0.2805 90.256 901.70

MPOB (ASTM

D6751:07b)0.5 (max.) - -

EN14214:2003 0.5 (max.) 120 (max.) 860-900

Table 4.5 Summary of result for quantitative analysis of chicken fat methyl

ester (CFME)

Type of Methyl Ester Area (%)

Myristic (C14:0) 0.41 Saturated

Palmitic (C16:0) 28.47 Saturated

Stearic (C18:0) 53.94 Saturated

Oleic (C18:1) 16.25 Unsaturated

Elaidic (C18:3) 0.19 Unsaturated

Linoleic (C18:2) 0.74 Poly unsaturated

Table 4.6 Result obtained from GC Analysis

• Analysis of Fatty Acids Content using Gas Chromatography

• The quadratic proved to be significant, model fit with

coefficient of R2 was at 0.7759.

• The coefficient for reaction time, B (5.23) was the most

significant.

• The optimum parameter verified at 70°C, 3:1 molar ratio of

methanol to oil, 0.17 wt/wt% catalyst concentrations and

11.29 min reaction.

• The use of microwave will help in considerable time and cost

saving.

According to the results, the following conclusions can be

drawn:

Demirbas, A., (2008). Biodiesel Production via RapidTranesterification. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization,and Environmental Effects, 30(19), 1830-1834.

Gerpen, J.V. (2005) Biodiesel Processing and Production. FuelProcessing Technology, 86, 1097-1107.

Knothe, G., Krahl, J., Van Gerpen, J., Eds. (2005). The BiodieselHandbook. (2nd ed). Illinois: AOCS Press.

Veljkovic´, V.B., Lakicevic, S.H., Stamenkovic, O.S., Todorovic,Z.B., Lazic, K.L., (2006). Biodiesel Production from Tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) Seed Oil with a High Content of Free FattyAcids. Fuel 85, 2671–2675.