AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

On

AN INTERNSHIP FROM ROBOSHAASTRA, BHILAIIn Association

withRobotryst : IIT Delhi

STUDENT’S DETAILSName of Student - AKHILESH RATHIYA

Semester/Branch – 5th Semester, Mechanical Engineering

University Roll No.- 3013714010 (B05)

INTRODUCTION OF AUTOMOBILE

It’s a hybrid term derived from two Greek word ‘autos’ means ‘self’ and ‘mobile’ means ‘moving’.

Thus it was termed as ‘Self propelled motor vehicle’. In general it is termed as a four wheel motioned vehicle

or a ‘car’.

CATEGORIZATION OF AUTOMOBILE

Automobiles are categorized on the basis of different factors. These factors were:- According to shape & size of chassis. According to the power output of the vehicle. According to type of transmission. According to their purpose of use. According to the fuel type. According to the payload carrying capacity.

A CHASSIS is the underpart of a motor vehicle, consisting of the frame (on which the body & other components like engine, gearbox, differential, suspension is mounted).

Chassis & Frame

TYPES OF CHASSIS LADDER FORMAT CHASSIS UNIBODY CHASSIS BACKBONE TUBE CHASSIS X-CHASSIS PLATFORM CHASSIS

AXLE

• An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear.• On wheeled vehicles, the axle may be fixed to the

wheels, rotating with them, or fixed to the vehicle, with the wheel’s rotating around the axle.

• Bearings are provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported.

• It supports the weight of the vehicle

VARIOUS CONFIGURATION OF AXLE’S• FRONT AXLE• REAR AXLE• STUB AXLE

FRONT AXLE

• DEAD FRONT AXLE

• LINE FRONT AXLE

DEAD FRONT AXLE• Dead axles are those axles, which

do not rotate.

LIVE FRONT AXLE• Live axles are used to transmit

power from gear box to front wheels.

REAR AXLE SEMI FLOATING AXLE• A semi floating axle, the axle shaft both carries the

weight and transmits torque • .

FULL FLOATING AXLE• The weight of the axle is supported by the axle

housing-more specifically, a bearing spindle attached to the axle housing, and a set of bearings in a separate wheel hub.

• .

THREE QUARTER FLOATING AXLE• This type of axle is a combination of full and semi

floating bearing • .

STUB AXLE• Stub axles are connected to the front axle by

king pins.

• front wheels are mounted on stub axles arrangement for steering.

• King pin is fitted in the front axle beam eye and is located and locked there by a taper cotter pin.

SUSPENTION AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMAll the parts which perform the function of lay up the automobile from the road shocks & unwanted movement are collectively called as the “SUSPENSION SYSTEM”

• The purpose of suspension is to give stability of the vehicle.• To provide safety of travellers against shocks and vibrations.• To provide minimum required ground clearance to the vehicle

VARIOUS TYPE OF SUSPENSION• COIL SPRING• LEAF SPRING• TORSION BAR • DAMPER & SHOCK ABSORBER• ANTIROLL / STABLIZER

WHAT IS A TYRE ? A tire (American English) or tyre (British English) is a ring-shaped

vehicle component that covers the wheel's rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles, provide traction between the vehicle and the road while providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock.

The materials of modern pneumatic tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and wire, along with carbon black and other chemical compounds.

As your vehicle’s only contact point with the road, the tyres you use need to be appropriate for your vehicle’s size and weight, as well as the surface on which they run.

CLASSIFICATION'S OF TYRE’S USED IN AUTOMOBILE

RADIAL TYRE’S

SLICKS / PRO SLICKS TYRES

OFF ROAD TYRES

WHAT IS A BRAKING SYSTEM? The Braking System is the most critical system on

your vehicle. Its maintenance and proper functioning are vital to you, your family and other motorists. You should not attempt to effectuate maintenance or repair work on brake.

Servicing or repairing the braking system requires specific tools and adequate technical training.

TYPES OF BRAKES:- Drum brake Disc brake Abs(Anti-locking Brake system) Fluid Brake System. Electro-Magnetic Brake system. vacuum Brake

STEERING SYSTEM

Steering is the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (car, motorcycle, bicycle) to follow the desired course

The primary purpose of the steering system is to allow the driver to guide the vehicle

For effective control of the vehicle throughout its speed range with safety and without much conscious effort on wide variety of road surface proving bumps and bounces to the vehicle, proper steering is necessary.

TYPES OF STEERING SYSTEM Rack & Pinion steering system Power steering system Ackerman steering system

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM• The mechanism that transmits the power developed by the engine

of automobile to the engine to the driving wheels is called the TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

• Provide means to transfer power in opposite direction.• Transmission system in a car helps to transmit mechanical• power from the car engine to give kinetic energy to the wheels.• A transmission or gearbox provides speed and torque conversions

from a rotating power source to another device using gear ratios .

TYPE OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM • HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM• MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO TRANSMISSION SYSTEM :-TRANSMISSION SYSTEM • CLUTCH • GEAR BOX • PROPELLER SHAFT • UNIVERSAL JOINTS • FINAL DRIVE AND

DIFFERENTIAL • REAR AXLE

Gear box

CLUTCH • A clutch is a mechanical device that

engages and disengages the power transmission, especially from driving shaft to driven shaft.

• Clutch is located between engine and gear box. When the clutch is engaged, the power flows from the engine to the rear wheels through the transmission system and the vehicle moves . when the clutch is disengaged ,the power is not transmitted to the rear wheels and the vehicle stops, while the engine is still running

• Clutch is disengaged when Starting the engine, Shifting the gears, Idling the engine

ENGINE

An engine is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy.

There are two types of engines:- Internal Combustion Engine.

External Combustion Engine.

In automobile we use Internal combustion engine.

WHAT IS AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (generally, fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber.

There are 2 types of ic engines.

2 stroke ic engine. 4 stroke ic engine.

HOW IC ENGINE WORKS & ITS TYPES:-

ENGINE COMPONENTS

ValveSpark Plug

Cylinder BlockPiston Connecting Rod

Crank Shaft

}Head

}Cylinder Block

}CrankCase

INTAKE MANIFOLD

• The purpose of the intake manifold, or inlet manifold, is to evenly distribute the air-fuel mixture to the cylinders as well as to the carburetor on a non-fuel-injected engine.

• An intake manifold is the opposite of an exhaust manifold, which collects gases from the cylinders

GEAR BOX AND GEAR SHIFTING MECHANISM

An automobile requires high torque when climbing hills and when starting, even though they are performed at low speeds.

when running at high speeds on level roads, high torque is not required because of momentum.  So requirement of a device is occur, which can change the vehicle’s torque and its speed according to road condition or when the driver need. This device is known as transmission box.

The transmission box which is also known as the gear box is the second element of the power train in an automobile. It is used to change the speed and torque of vehicle according to variety of road and load condition.

FUNCTION OF GEAR BOX IN AUTOMOBILE - Provide the torque needed to move

the vehicle under a variety of road and load conditions. It does this by changing the gear ratio between the engine crankshaft and vehicle drive wheels.

Be shifted into reverse so the vehicle can move backward.

Be shifted into neutral for starting the engine. -

CARBURETTOR A carburettor is the device inside an

internal combustion engine that provides the area for air and gasoline to mix together

T he goal of a carburettor is to mix just the right amount of gasoline with air so that the engine runs properly.

If there is not enough fuel mixed with the air, the engine "runs lean" and either will not run or potentially damages the engine.