EFFICIENCT MANAGEMENT OF

ELECTRICAL POWER

K. R. SURIGeneral Manager(O&M)Retd,

POWERGRID, NR-II, Jammu

.

04/15/2023

MODERN TRENDS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY

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Energy systems worldwide are changing…

There is nothing permanent except change

PROBLEM

SOLUTIONSOLUTION

TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION

• Efficiency increment /Enhancement

• Discipline/Quality

• Computer Aided Controls for Both above (SmartGrid)

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EFFICIENCY ENHANCEMENT

• Intelligent Use of Electrical Equipments:- Reduction in Energy Consumption

• Selection of Appliances/Equipments

• Green Buildings

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OPPORTUNITIES OF SAVING

ENERGY SAVED IS ENERGY GENERATED

• ELECTRICITY BILLS

• MOTORS/ PUMPS

• ILLUMINATION SYSTEM

• REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

• DG SET

• COMPRESSORS/FURNACES/BOILERS ETC

ELECTRICITY BILLS

• Maintain Good Power Factor -- Saves upto 2.5%

• Install max. demand controller to limit max demand exceeding contract demand -- Defer Penalty .

• Optimise sanctioned load during peak load hours -- Reduce peak load charges.

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ELECTRIC MOTOR & PUMPS

It is estimated, that during its working life a motor consumes 100 times more energy than the cost of motor.

• Consider a 15 Hp motor, running 15 Hrs /Day

• Year Consumption : 10Kw*15Hrs*365 = 54750 kWh

· Running Cost (10 Years)= 54750*4*10=Rs 21.9 Lacs

· Energy Cost =Rs 4/Unit(Comm)

· Cost of normal motor = Rs 22,000/=

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CASE STUDY OF USING HIGH EFFICIENCY MOTOR

Life : 10 years

Name plate rating at full load : 15 kW

Rated efficiency at full load (η) : 86%

Actual Power Consumption on full load : 15/0.86=17.4 kW

Efficiency after rewinding : 80%

Power Consumption now : 15/0.80=18.7 kW

Replacing the motor with high efficiency : 90%

Power consumption after replacement : 15/0.90=16.7 kW

Savings : 2KW

15

CASE STUDY OF USING HIGH EFFICIENCY MOTOR Cont.

A 15 Hp motor running on an average 15 hrs a day

· 2Kw X 15 Hrs x 365 = 10950 kWh

· Annual saving = Rs 43800 (Rs 4/kWh)

· Cost of normal motor = Rs 22000

· Payback = 6 months

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ILLUMINATION SYSTEM-

ENERGY SAVING

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TYPE OF LAMPS BETTER OPTION

40 -100 Watt GLS 5 - 24 Watt CFL for shades/toilets

40 Watt T12 T/L 36WT8/ 28WT5 Watt T/L

250 Watt HPMV 150 Watt HPSV/Metal Halide

500 Watt Halogen 150 Watt HPSV

250 HPMV lamps 150W HPSV lamps in parking and

area illumination

GLS lamps CFL / Tung Halogen lamp for

beautification

indicating Lamps in

panels

LED

USE OF HIGH LUMINUOUS/LOW ENERGY CONSUMPTION DEVICES

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Light OutputLight Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

Incandescent

Light Bulbs

Compact

Fluorescents (CFLs)

Lumens Watts Watts Watts450 4-5 40 9-13800 6-8 60 13-15

1,100 9-13 75 18-251,600 16-20 100 23-302,600 25-28 150 30-55

LUMENS OUTPUT / POWER CONSUMPTION COMPARASION

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Energy Efficiency & Energy Costs

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

Incandescent Light Bulbs

Compact Fluorescents (CFLs)

LIFE SPAN (average) 50,000 hours 1,200 hours 8,000 hours

LUMENS = 800 6 - 8 watts 60 watts 13-15 watts

ENERGY CONS. /YEAR (Daily 10 Hr) 25.5 KWH 219KWH 51 KWh

ANNUAL OP. COST (Rs) (Rs 2 Per Unit)

51.00 438.00 102.00

PER YEAR ENERGY COST COMPARASION

Energy Efficiency Improvements atRashtrapathi Bhawan

EEEs at Rashtrapati Bhawan

Saving Measure

Saving (kWh/ year)

Saving (Rs)(Lacs/Year)

Air conditioning

5,54,266 35.3

Lighting 3,25,028 20.7

Pumping 54,140 3.45

Total 9,33,434 59.45

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REFERIGERATION SYSTEM-Energy saving

• Use energy efficient AC’s (BEE star rated)

• Insulate all lines carrying refrigerant & coolant.

• Prevent Leakage of Refrigerant

• Pressure difference across the compressor is vital ,

Increase the suction pressure (if lower then normal)

and reduce the discharge pressure (if higher then

normal) of the compressor.

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DG SET- INCREASING EFFICIENCY• Install energy meter and a calibrate the diesel tank

• Load the DG set to at least 80% ,before starting the next DG set

• Ensure radiator is clean and batteries are well maintained.

• Improve ventilation , enough space in front of the radiator.

• A poorly maintained injection pump increases fuel consumption by 4gm/kWh.

• A faulty nozzle increases fuel consumption by 2gm/kWh.

• Blocked filters increase fuel consumption by 2gm/kwh

‘NO POWER’

IS COSTLIER THAN

‘NO POWER’ ….. Dr. H. J. BHABHA

Quality ?

DISCIPLINED ELECTRIC SYSTEM

• Allow/use Authorise Connections only

• No over/under drawl by state utilities

• Due to disciplined drawl by SEBs, Frequency band maintained between 50.2 -49.7

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GREEN BUILDING-

ENERGY EFFICIENT

BUILDING

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GREEN BUILDING--?

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ENERGY SAVING IN BUILDINGS

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Computer Aided Controls

• TDAMC-Transmission/Distribution Asset Management Control

• SMART GRID –Issues/limitations–Solutions/Benefits

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Smart Grid/City in Indian Context

Global Challenge- Congested Cities

Occupy less than 3% of land

House 50% of World’s population

Use 75% of available resources

Account for 67% of green house gas

emission

Problems of Urbanization

• Pressure on infrastructure

• Increased demand for mobility

• Pressure on Utility Services

• Environmental degradation

• Difficult governance

How to make cities “Smart”

Greenfield Cities

Rapidly Emerging Cities

Grown Cities

Mature Cities

Get it right the first time

Retain competitiveness

Obtain funds

Relieve pain points

Meet environmental targets

Regain competitiveness

Source- Schneider-Smart Cities

Pervasive sensor networks throughout city

Node connections through low-cost communications

Real-time analysis & control of city systems

Integration of isolated systems and across cities

Measured

Networked

Smart

Managed

SaaS-based citizen services, applications, and management tools

Becoming smarter is a long-term process and a step-by-step approach

Integrated

Smart Cities are enabled by recent advances in key technologies:• Pervasive sensor networks• Low-cost communications• Software-as-a-Service

Technology Evolution to a Smart City

Source- Schneider-Smart Cities

50

Smart DistributionAdvanced Metering Infrastructure

(AMI)

Outage Management System (OMS)

Peak Load Management (PLM)

Power Quality Management (PQM)

Energy Storage

Integration of Renewable energy sources

Micro grid

Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Smart CitySmart Distribution

Smart Building & Home

Transportation

Water Management

e-Security

e-Medical

e-Public Services

e-Education

Smart Grid / City Attributes

Power Situation in India

About 300 million people in India have no access to electricity

Blackouts, Rostering – Traditional outage management , Longer restoration time

Traditional biomass energy sources – namely wood, agricultural waste and livestock dung

– for cooking and other domestic needs because of Lack of Clean Energy

High AT&C losses & Lower revenue realization leads to underinvestment in

distribution sector and unreliable supply.

Generation loss of 84.69 billion units (BUs) between April 2012 and January

2013 due to coal and gas shortagesAs per CEA Report

Hydroelectric power projects have been slowed down by ecological,

environmental and rehabilitation controversies

Consumption Trend in India

Figures as per 18th Electric Power Survey

Industrial; 36%

Domestic; 26%

Agriculture; 19%

Com-mercial;

11%

Others; 8%

2012-13 2016-17 2021-22 2026-27 2031-32

135200

283

400

542

Load (GW)

Load (GW)

Dependence on Electricity

Higher Industrial growth

Residential consumption growing at 14% over past

10 years

Realization of demand suppressed due to load

shedding

Rapid Urbanization31% in 2011; 40% by 2030

Year 12-13 Year 13-14 (April-Aug)

998114

430113

911209

408498

8690521615

Energy Requirement in MUEnergy Availability in MUDeficit in MU

Power Supply Position-Energy

Year 12-13 Year 13-14 (Apr-Aug)

8.7

5

Deficit in %

Year 12-13 Year 13-14 (Apr-Aug)

135453 135561123294 126964

12159 8597

Peak Demand in MW Peak Met in MWDeficit in MW

Power Supply Position-Peak

Year 12-13 Year 13-14 (Apr-Aug)

9.00

6.30

Deficit in %

Going Forward

WIND ENERGYPresent Installed Capacity: 20 GW

Capacity by 2030: 164 GW

Proliferation of EVsReva, E2O, YO bikes, Ampere Bikes etc.

SOLAR ENERGYPresent Installed Capacity: 2 GW

Capacity by 2030: 35 GW

Consumer Empowerment Smart Appliances, Home Energy Mgmnt.

Transparency between Consumer and Utility Consumption pattern & Price Information Outage Information and Resolution Increased Consumer Engagement Regularisation of unauthorised

connection/Simplify process Road shows/Voluntary disclosures Judiciary powers to authorities

Strategy for Future Grid

Awareness Smart Grid benefits to Consumers

Smartness at each step Distributed generation / Microgrid Automation for distribution elements Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) Home Energy Management Solutions

Strategy for Future Grid

Power

Communication

Smart Grid

IT

Smart Grid

Salient Points of the Smart Grid

Old Grid Smart Grid (Where we want to be)

One-way , communications Two-way communications

Centralized generation – Distributed generation hard to integrate Distributed generation friendly

Mostly Radial Mostly Meshed and Grid

Sensors by exception Sensors throughout

Operate equipment to failure Self-monitoring and diagnostics- longer equipment life

Manual restoration Automatic restoration self-healing

Prone to blackouts More resilient to disturbances Adaptive protection and islanding

Manual & fixed islands Adaptive islanding

Check equipment locally Monitor equipment remotely

Limited power flow control More controlled power flow

Unavailable or at best delayed price information to customer Real-time pricing

Integration of Two Infrastructures

Electrical Infrastructure

“Intelligence” Infrastructure

Benefits of Smart Grid

Reduced AT&C Losses

Reduced operation and Maintenance cost

Enhanced Reliability & Quality

Higher customer satisfaction

Deferred capital expenditure

Better and enhanced Consumer Services

Improved Environment

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Smart DistributionAdvanced Metering Infrastructure

(AMI)

Outage Management System (OMS)

Peak Load Management (PLM)

Power Quality Management (PQM)

Energy Storage

Integration of Renewable energy sources

Micro grid

Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Smart Grid Attributes

Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Communications Network

IT SystemsWork Center

MDASMDMS

Customer

• Demand Response

• Incentive/Disincentive by TOU tariff

• Signaling for load control

• Load curtailment beyond sanctioned limit

• Tamper Detection

• Network Problem identification

• Reduced AT&C losses

• Energy Audit

• Billing Efficiency

Portal

Metering Revolution Customer

OperationsGrid Operations Work & Asset

ManagementConventional Meters

Bimonthly reading

Only kWh & MD

Billing none none

Smart Meters

15 minute reading

kWh, MD, kVA, I, V, pf, etc

Billing

Information delivery (w.r.t. tariff, outage,

etc.)

Load Management (partial load shedding for

overloaded DT)

Outage management

Repair & maintenance

of assets

Tamper / theft detection

Load control

Benefits of Smart Meter

Smart Meters

Input to Outage Management System

Continuous Energy AuditLoad / Device Control

Σ

Distribution Transformer

Consumers

Consumer Engagement via In Home Display

• Meter Data Acquisition System (MDAS)– Provides Tools for Energy / System Management and

Reporting– Retrieves 15 Minute Interval Data (Electrical and

Mechanical)– Management of Alarms, Outages, Unusual demand, Meter

Failures, etc– Information Available at Your Desk Top

• Network Communication– Two Way Communication Via a Wired and/or Wireless

Ethernet (RF / PLC / GPRS / Optical Fibre)

MDAS & Communication System

• Energy and Utility Monitoring • Reporting• Historical Analysis • Trend Analysis• Power Quality Analysis• Alarming and Events• Data and Event Logging • Manual and Automated Control• Interoperability (SCADA, DDC, BAS)• Stores Collected Data • Equipment Status Monitoring and Control• Output Data Reports

Meter Data Management System

Peak Load Management (PLM)

The objective of PLM is to achieve balance between

supply and demand

Energy requirement/consumption at the demand side

is controlled by means of partial load curtailment.

Peak Load Management works in two ways:

Demand Response

Demand Side Management

Peak Load Management

Outage Management System (OMS)

• The objective of Outage Management System is to improve availability and reliability of power supply and hence increase customer satisfaction

• It involves proactive maintenance based on Condition Based Monitoring

• There is Automated Switching of load in case of fault

O/H FPI RMU Load breaking switches

Distribution

Transformer

Communication System

FRTU

Communication Gateway

CT

Outage Management System

SCADA

AMI

GIS

Maintenance Crew

CIS

DTMU

IVR

RTU

There are two key factors which affect power quality –

Harmonics and Voltage deviation. Power Quality Management

software measures Harmonics & Voltage quality of the system

and controls Active Harmonic Filter, Var Compensator, Surge

suppressors etc. to maintain the standards. Key benefits of

PQM are:

• Reduction in Technical Losses

• Increase in Life of the equipment

• Optimal utilization of the infrastructure

• Improvement in Power Quality

Power Quality Management

Distributed Energy Resource (DER) systems are small-scale

power generation technologies used to provide an alternative to

or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system.

Distributed Generation

• Improved environmental impact

• Reduce dependency on the Grid

• Increased reliability

Energy Storage

Batteries

Flywheels Compressed Air Molten Salt Pumped Hydro Thermal/Ice

Broadly categorized into Electro-chemical, Electro-mechanical & Electro-thermal technologies

• Battery Electric Vehicles• Plug in Hybrid Electric VehiclesEV & PHEV work as a Electric storage medium

and proper integration may bring potential of Vehicle to Grid concept.

Charging infrastructure / Battery Change System may catalyse growth.

Electric Vehicle

With Phasor technology and Phasor Measurements Units (PMU), we have:– Power System measured states (Voltage & Angle) and not

estimates– Dynamic system conditions via High Resolution Data (25 – 50

samples/sec)– Ability to compare regions due to Time Synchronized data

Technology provides high resolution, time synchronized data, useful for calculation and monitoring, e.g.:– % damping (inter-area and local area oscillations)– Measured sensitivities, such as V/P, /P– Angle Difference– Transmission capability

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Synchrophasor Technology

Much Higher Resolution (typically 25-50 samples/second)

Compared to 4 to 10 seconds /sample of SCADA

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SCADA to Phasor Measurements: From X-Rays to MRIs

PUDUECHERRY

FIRST

SMART GRID/CITY

PUDUCHERRY SMART GRID PILOT PROJECT

Coverage : Town Area of Puducherry

800 Smart Meters of 10 different makes using different communication technologies installed

Implementation in Collaboration with 56 Organizations

Holistic implementation at

one place

Evolution of replicable and scalable commercial model along with

knowledge sharing and capacity building

Functionalities being Implemented: AMI, PLM, OMS, Renewable Energy integration,

Microgrid

Integration of emerging technologies in communication, control & automation, intelligent devices, renewable

integration, energy storage

Energy Audit enabled for DT

Objectives of Puducherry Pilot Project

Indigenization of Technology

Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building

Proof of Concept in Indian Conditions

Develop a Scalable and Replicable Model

Demonstration of Benefits to Stakeholders

Groundwork for Policy Advocacy, Regulations, Standards etc.

Evolve a Commercial Mechanism

Functionality Implemented

• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)– On demand reading– Obtaining Load profile data– Obtaining TOD data– Giving Connect / Disconnect command– Load restriction– Monitor Power Quality Information– Monitor Outage data– Managing Network through Meter Data– Prepayment Functionality– Remote configuration– Tamper monitoring– Service order generation– AMI performance monitoring

Outage Management System (OMS)

– Fault Passage Indicator (FPI)– Current & Status of Fault in Phases– Distribution Transformer Monitoring Unit

(DTMU)– Outage Data– Average Loading– Total Harmonic Distortion– Temperature of oil, enclosure & the

phase windings

• Demand Response (DR)– Customer side– Utility side

• Street Light Automation

Distribution Transformer Monitoring

THD

Avg Daily Loading

Temperature

Puducherry Site Installations

SMART METER

DTMU

DTMU

DTMUSTREET LIGHT PANEL

POWERGRID | Smart GridCountry wide WAMSImplementation of pan India Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) for better transmission grid management

Smart Grid Pilot – PuducherryAMI, OMS, Demand Response – implemented. Project being scaled up.

Smart City implementationDholera under Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor

SCADA & DMSImplemented SCADA & DMS in various towns

Home Energy Management & MicrogridProducts for Home Energy Management &Controller for Microgrid

ISGTF PIlotsDPR prepared: Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Tripura, Uttar Haryana, PuducherryProviding Consultancy

New Opportunities in Exploring new opportunities in energy storage project & Offshore wind power tapping

In House Initiatives50 kWp rooftop solar PV installation at POWERGRID premises in Manesar

ISGTF Pilot Projects

• India Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF) under the aegis of Ministryof Power has approved 14 pilot projects for Smart Gridimplementation across the country

• POWERGRID providing consultancy to 9 of the pilot projects

Rajasthan Chhattisgarh Tripura Uttar Haryana Puducherry

Karnataka West Bengal Punjab Himachal Pradesh