00 let us get started.2016

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00-Let’s get started

By : Mohamed Fawzy

Programming AVR Microcontrollers

© Mohamed F.A.B 2015

Lecture Notes:

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o Set Your Phone To Vibration Mode.

o Ask any time.

o During labs, Feel Free To Check Any Materials or

Internet.

o Slides are self content.

o Feel Free To Share This Materials With Your Friends.

o Work Hard For Achieving Most Benefits Of This Course.


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Don't Forget !!!!


Any Expert Was Once A Beginner

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Agenda.

Lesson (1):

Introduction to micro-controller World.

Lesson (2):

Quick revision for C programming.

Lesson (3):

Installing Our Working Tools.


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Lesson#1

Lesson (1):

Introduction to micro-controller World.


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Microcontroller.

o It is a small computer which can control any thing around the world .

o It basically consists of Microprocessor, Memory(RAM,

ROM, EEPROM), I/O lines and some other peripherals

……….,etc.

DIP Package SMD Package


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Microcontrollers Vendors.


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Microcontroller Applications.


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Microcontroller Vs. Microprocessor.


Microprocessor is a subsystem of Microcontroller system.

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Internal Components of MC.


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CPU (Central Processing Unit).


o Instruction Decoder :is a part of the electronics which recognizes

program instructions and runs other circuits on the basis of that.

o Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU): performs all mathematical and

logical operations upon data.

o Accumulator: is a SFR closely related to the operation of the ALU. It

is a kind of working desk used for storing all data upon which some

operation should be performed (addition, shift/move etc.).

o It is considered the brain of the microcontrollers.

o It is responsible for executing arithmetic and logic operations.

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Memory.


o Memory is part of the microcontroller

used for data storage.

o Each memory address corresponds to

one memory location.

o Types of memory within the microcontroller:

o SFR registers.

o RAM (Random Access Memory).

o ROM (Read Only Memory).

o EEPROM (Electrical Erasable ROM).

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Memory. (cont'd)


o Register:

A register or a memory cell is an electronic circuit

which can memorize the state of one byte.

o Byte.

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SFR Registers.


o Every microcontroller has a number of registers whose

function is predetermined by the manufacturer.

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ROM.


o ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to permanently save the

program being executed.

o There are several types of ROM:

o Masked ROM.Program is loaded into the chip by the manufacturer. In

case of large scale manufacture, the price is very low.

Forget it...

o One Time Programmable ROM.

you can download a program into this memory, but the

process of program downloading is a “one-way ticket”

meaning that it can be done only once.

o UV Erasable Programmable ROM.It enables the surface of the silicon chip inside to be lit by

an UV lamp, which effectively erases and program from

the ROM.

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ROM. (cont'd)


o Flash memory:

Since the contents of this memory can be written

and cleared practically an unlimited number of

times, the microcontrollers with Flash ROM are ideal

for learning, experimentation and small-scale

manufacture.

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RAM.


o It is used for temporary storing data and

intermediate results created and used during the

operation of the microcontroller.

o Once the power supply is off the contents of RAM

(Random Access Memory) is cleared.

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EEPROM.


o The contents of the EEPROM may be changed

during operation (similar to RAM), but remains

permanently saved even upon the power

supply goes off (similar to ROM).

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Internal Architecture.


o All upgraded microcontrollers use one of two basic design

models.

o Briefly, they are two different ways of data exchange

between CPU and memory.

o von-Neumann Architecture.Only one bus for reading instructions

and data at the same time.

o Harvard Architecture.Two buses, one for Instructions

and another for data.

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Input/output Ports.


o In order to make the microcontroller useful, it has to be

connected to additional electronics, i.e. peripherals.

Each microcontroller has one or more registers (called

a “port”) connected to the microcontroller pins.

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Programming MC.


Machine Language.

The microcontroller executes the program loaded in its

Flash memory. This is the so called executable code

comprised of seemingly meaningless sequence of zeros

and ones.

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Programming MC. cont'd


Assembly Language.

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Programming MC. cont'd


C Language.

o C Programming is considered a high level language.

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SW Tools.


o Compiler: It Takes C-Code Then Convert It Into Machine code.

o Assembler : It Takes Assembly Code Then Convert It To Machine Code.

C-CodeFile.c

Assembly-CodeFile.asm

Machine-CodeFile.hex

Dis-assembling

Assembler

CodeVisionAVR contains all previous tools and other useful tools.

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HW Tools.


o PROGRAMMER or FLASHER : It is a hardware device used to burn or

write code To MC flash memory.

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Summary.


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Break.


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Lesson#2


Lesson (2):

Quick revision in C-Programming language.

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C-Program Structure.


Information about the project

Main Function

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Comments In C Programming.


o Comments is some texts which ignored by the compiler.

o It used for documentation.

There are two types of comments in C programming:o One-line comment.EX:

//comment

o Multi-line comment.EX:

/*

line1

line2

……..

*/

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Variables.


o Any number changing its value during program

operation is called a variable.

Declaring Variables:

o Variable name can include any of the alphabetical characters A-

Z (a-z), the digits 0-9 and the underscore character '_'.

o The compiler is case sensitive and differentiates between capital

and small letters.

o Function and variable names usually contain lower case

characters, while constant names contain uppercase characters.

(it is recommended not must).

o Variable names must not start with a digit.

o Some of the names cannot be used as variable names as already

being used by the compiler itself.(key words).

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Data-Types.


o You should choose the best suitable data-type, since

MC RAM is limited.

o By adding prefix (qualificator) to any data type, the

range of its possible values changes as well as the

number of memory bytes needed.

NOTES

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Data type Modifiers.


NOTE

o By default any declared variable is signed.

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Operators.


o Arithmetic Operators:These are used to perform mathematical calculations like

addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and modulus.

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Operators. cont’d


o Relational Operators:These operators are used to compare the value of two variables.

NOTE The result here will be true or false (0 or 1).

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Operators. cont’d


o Logical Operators:These operators are used to perform logical operations on

the given two variables.

NOTE The result here will be true or false (0 or 1).

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Operators. cont’d


o Bitwise Operators:These operators are used to perform bit operations on given two

variables.

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Arrays.


o Array is the simplest and most commonly used structured type.

o A variable of array type is actually an array of objects of the

same type.o These objects represent elements of an array and are

identified by their position in array (index).

o An array consists of a contiguous region of storage exactly

large enough to hold all of its elements.

EX:char arr_1[5];

//declare array of 5 character variables.

//here you must define array size.

int arr_2[]={1,2,3,4,5};

//declare array of 5 integer variables and give

initialization values.

//here, you don't need to define array size.

<data type> <array name> [array size] = {e1_val,e2_val,….};

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If-Statement.


if (condition)

one statement;

0False!0True

Condition

if (condition)

{

Multiple statement;

}if (condition)

{

statement;

statement;

………………………

}

else

{

statement;

statement;

………………………

}

if (condition)

{

statement;

………………………

}

else if (condition)

{

statement;

………………………

}

else

{

statement;

……………………

}

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Switch-case.


Example:Syntax:

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For Loop.


for (initial_value ; condition ; update_value)

{

statements;

statements;

…………………………

}

③

① ② ④

True

False

Interactive Question:

What is the output of this program?for (x=0;5;x++)

{

printf(“M \n”);

}

Basic Syntax:

o Step ① only executed one time.o Use {} for more than one statement. o for (;;) // infinite loop

NOTE

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While Loop.


while (condition)

{

statements;

statements;

………………………

}

Basic Syntax:

o Use {} for more than one statement. o while (1) // infinite loop

NOTE

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Do ….. While Loop.


do

{

statements;

statements;

………………………

}

while (condition)

Basic Syntax:

o Execute at least one time.o Use {} for more than one statement. o Do …… while (1) // infinite loop

NOTE

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Label Loop.


Loop:

//statement

...

goto loop;

Don't use this method in your code because it make your code like spaghetti.

NOTE

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Control Loop.


break

Continue

o Exit from the nearest loop. Interactive Question:

What is the output of this program?for (i=0;i<5;i++)

{

if (i == 3) break;

printf(“%d \n”,i);

}

o Skip one or more iteration.Interactive Question:

What is the output of this program?for (i=0;i<5;i++)

{

if (i == 3) continue;

printf(“%d \n”,i);

}

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Lesson#3


Lesson (3):

Installing Our Working Tools.

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Codevision AVR.


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Protuse.


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Questions:


Thank You All

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[email protected]

01006032792

[email protected]


Engineering

00 let us get started.2016