WORD&

TRANSLATION

Anik Ratna

Ni’mah

Iin

1. Affixes2. Word

Modification3. Explicit

Meaning4. The Relation

between Lexical Parts

5. The Infelicity of Word

6. Lexical Equivalence with the Same Concept

7. Lexical Equivalence with the Unknown Concept

8. Compound Word

9. Blending, Clipping & Acronym

10. Figurative Language

Affixes

In English there are so many affixes that use for change the kind of

the word and the meaning (derivational

affixes) and change the kind of the word but doesn’t change the

meaning (inflectional affixes)

PREFIX

Prefix Meaning English Indonesian

Non- not NonsenseTidak masuk

akal

Dis- not DisconnectTidak

menyambung

Mis- Bad or wrong

Miscommunication

Salah komunikasi

Im - not Impossible Tidak

mungkin

In - not Incorrect Tidak benar

Il - not Illegal Tidak resmi Ir - not Irregular Tidak teratur

Un- not Unvoiced Tidak

bersuaraMono- one Monorail Rel tunggal

Bi - Two Bilingual Dua bahasa Tri - Three Triangle Segi tiga Re - Again Rewrite Menulis lagi

Pre - before Prehistoric Sebelum sejarah

Co - Together Cooperate Kerja sama

Hyper- Excessive Hypersensitiv

e Lebih sensitif

Hypo - Too little Hypoactive Kurang aktif

Multi-Many or

muchMultilingual

Banyak bahasa

SUFFIX

SuffixBase form

English (noun)

Indonesian

-age Marry Marriage Pernikahan

-ant Assist Assistant Pembantu

-al Arrive Arrival Kedatangan

-er Manage Manager Pemimpin

-ing Mine Mining Pertambanga

n

-ship Fellow Fellowship Persahabata

n

-ure Depart Departure Keberangkat

an

To Construct Noun

To Construct Adjective

Suffix

Base form

English (adjective)

Indonesian

-ful Beauty Beautiful Cantik

-ed Talent Talented Berbakat

-less Care Careless Tidak hati-hati

-ous Fame Famous Terkenal

-ly Friend Friendly Ramah

-ial Influence Influential Berpengaruh

-ish Child Childish Kekanak-kanakan

To Construct Verb

SuffixBase form

English (verb)

Indonesian

-ize Critic Criticize Mengkritik

-en Wide Widen Melebarkan

-fy Beautiful Beautify Mempercantik

-ate Active Activate mengaktifkan

Word ModificationSometimes in a text we find some words

that modified into new word with different word class and different from the real word. English has known with

its graciousness in modifier words.

BSuClass Word

Modification

Class Word

BSa

Humid Adjective Humidity NounKelemba

pan

Humid Adjective Humidify VerbMelemba

bkan

Humidify VerbHumidifi

erNoun

Pelembab

Humidfy VerbDehumid

ifyVerb

Mengeringkan

Dehumidify

VerbDehumid

ifier Noun

Pengering

Word and reading games can sometimes be used for motivation and reading readiness. Some of these are also useful for additional drills when

more normal instruction begins. They may actually teach the pupil his first words while he thinks he is

only playing. They make good relief from concentrated study. (Gudschinsky in Larson,

1984:60)Playing games in which the pupils use words and read can

sometimes motivate them and prepare them to read. Persons who teach may also use some of these games to drill the pupils more when they are later instructing them

in regular classes.

The games actually teach the pupil his first words while he thinks he is only playing. They relief/relax pupils who have

been concentrating as they study.

Larson’s Example

Explicit Meaning

• Translator need to decompose the meanings to choose the best word to tell it. Every word represent concept such as, thing concept, event concept, relation concept, and attribute concept (Larson, 1984:56). For example:

• “Ram” has 3 components : sheep, male, and old

• “Gabah” has 3 components : rice(padi), mature and has picked from its tree

The Relation between Lexical Parts

1.General –Specific Some words can have a common general-specific relation meaning of a word when the components are owned by some other word,

but some other words that have a more specific meaning component. Example:

Sheep HorseChicke

nDog

Deer

Dewasa

Jantan RawStallio

nRooste

rDog

Buck

Betina Ewe Mare Hen Bitch Doe

MudaJantan/Betina

lambColt/foal

ChickPupp

yFaw

n

Word that Recoup Each Other

The differences between this word classes from general-specific relation is this words change a word which has been used in the related text.Example:

In the text, there are “Handoko”,”Pemuda”,dan ”Ia” has a recoup relation. So did between word “mobil” and “starlet”

Dengan santai Handoko menyetir mobilnya menyusuri jalan Ijen. Starlet itupun berjalan mulus di bawah pohon-pohon palem. Pemuda itu jadi ingat kejadian lima tahun yang lalu, saat ia menyusuri jalan kebanggaan malang bersama Esti.

Synonym

Synonyms are different words with almost identical or similar meanings.Example:BerkataBerggumamBerbisikBertanyaBerujarBertutur

We must know that that words although has similar meaning but can be change the meaning in different context. For example:Ani bergumam sendirianAni berbisik kepada Anto

Antonym

Antonym is two words that express opposing concepts. All of language has pair antonymEnglish

languageBahasa Indonesia

Tall-shortTinggi-rendah/ jangkung-

pendek

Long-short Panjang-pendek

Much-little Banyak-sedikit

Many-few Banyak-sedikit

Thin-fat Kurus-gendut

Far-near Jauh-dekat

Beauty-ugly Cantik-jelek

Reciprocal

Words

Nevertheless, translator must be careful that certain pair word maybe not same in other languages. Look at this reciprocal word below

English language

Bahasa Indonesia

Memberi-menerima

Give-take

Bertanya-menjawab

Ask-answer

English language

Bahasa Indonesia

Borrow-lendMeminjam-

meminjamkan

Teach-learn Mengajar-belajar

Loan-loan Utang-piutang

The Infelicityof Word

1. Infelicity referenceEvery single word has a reference like noun, event, or condition. For example:

“RICE” the reference in English Language is noun. But in Indonesia language “RICE” is referenced by more than one word, like “padi” “gabah” “beras” “nasi”. So, when we translate “rice” we must look at the context of the text.

2. Infelicityof

Semantic Part

Some groups of word in every language represent a group of meaning. But

sometimes a group of meaning in a

language doesn’t represented by the same group of word in another language

English Indonesia

Mother Ibu

Father Ayah

Uncle Paman

Aunt Bibi

Son Anak

Daughter Anak

Grandfather KakekGrandmothe

rNenek

- Kakak

- Adik

In-laws ipar

In Indonesia

to differenti

ate between “kakak

dan adik” is based on the

age, but in English is based on the gender

3. The Infelicity of Lexical Culturally

Every language will have different concept or unique concept in their own lexical items. For example:The differentiation of ‘house’ and ‘rumah’ in ‘rumah’ (0f Javaness) there are ‘senthong’, ‘pendhapa’, and ‘pringgitan’ while in ‘house’ there are ‘living room’ ‘kitchen’ ‘bedroom’.

Lexical Equivalence with the Same

Concept

There are three matters that must be looked in choosing the appropriate lexical equivalents. There will be concepts of the source text which are known (shared) in the receptor languageThere will be concepts which are unknown in the receptor languageThere are lexical items in the text which are the key terms; they are important to the theme and development of a text and need special treatment

The Strategies in Presenting Lexical

Equivalents

1st: no literal lexical equivalent“It will not take us long” translated by “kita tidak akan butuh waktu lama”.

2nd: descriptive phrases“I have one dollar” translated by “Saya memiliki uang sebesar dua belas ribu rupiah”

3rd: using related words as equivalent• BSu : Pak Karto memanggul sendiri

bakul padinya.• BSa : Pak Karto carry the rice basket

himself

Lexical Equivalence with Unknown Concept

1st Equivalence by modifying generic words:

by making explicit the form of the item

by making explicit the function of the item

by making explicit both the form and the function

by modifying with a comparison to some THING and EVENT which does occur in the target language.

2nd equivalence by modifying loan wordsLoan word from English: Komputer,

Motor,Efektif.etcLoan word from Arabian: Setan, Malaikat,

Hadir etc

3rd equivalence by cultural substitutesBSu : Ia mengunyah buah duwet dengan lahapnya.BSa I : He eats the cherry fruit eagerly.BSa II : He eats the small fruit called duwet eagerly.

Compound Word₰Transparent Compound Word

Bookstore

= Book + Store = Toko buku

(buku) (toko)Toothach

e= Tooth + Ache = Sakit gigi

(gigi) (sakit)Noteboo

k= Note + Book =

Buku catatan

(catatan) (buku)Sunflowe

r= Sun + Flower =

Bunga matahari

(matahari)

(bunga)

Clod blooded

= Cold + Blooded =Berdarah

dingin(dingin) (berdarah)

₰ Unclear Compound Word

Hot dog = Hot + Dog = Sejenis roti

(panas) (anjing)

Green eyed

= Green + Eyed = Iri

(hijau) (bermata)

Green stuff

= Green + Stuff = Sayur

(hijau) (bahan)

Grasshopper

= Grass + Hopper = Belalang

(rumput)(pelompat

)Streetwalk

er= Street + Walker =

Wanita tuna susila

(jalan) (pejalan)

₰Combination of 1st & 2nd type

Wrist watch

= Wrist + Watch = Jam tangan

(pergelangan tangan)

(jam)

Book worm

= Book + Worm = Kutu buku

(buku) (cacing)

Dry clean

= Dry + Clean =Binatu kering

(kering) (bersih)

Cease fire

= Cease + Fire =Genjatan senjata

(berhenti)(menemba

k)

BLENDI

NG

CLIPPIN

GACRONY

M

BLENDING

Blending

is an annexation

Of two words into one

English Indonesia

Motel= Motorway hotel Patas= Cepat Terbatas

Brunch= breakfast lunch

Aremania = Arema Maniak

Fridge= Freezer refrigerator

Habibienomics= Habibie Economics

Smog= Smoke fog Asbut= Asap & Kabut

Edutainment= Education

EntertainmentGibol= Gila Bola

CLIPPING

Clipping is

an abbreviation of

word because

sometimes a

word has

some syllable and it’

s

too long, that lo

ng

word reduces b

ecomes

1 syllable

English Indonesia

Zoo = Zoological

Garden

Lab = Laboratorium

Dorm = Dormitory

Bang= Abang

Mag = Magazine

Dik = Adik

Pub = Public Bar

Pak = Bapak

ACRONYM

Acronyms a

re

abbreviatio

ns

formed fr

om the

initial

components

in a

phrase

or a w

ord

NASA (National Aeronautics and

Space Administration)

ABRI (Angkatan bersenjata Republik

Indonesia)

VIP (Very Important Person)

RSU (Rumah Sakit Umum)

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome)

AMD (ABRI Masuk Desa)

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

RT (Rukun Tetangga)

Laser (Light Amplification by

Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

RW (Rukun Warga)

Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization)

Markus (makelar kasus)

Nabisco (National Biscuit Company)

Pemkot - Pemerintah Kota

(Kotamadya)

Figurative Language

Figurative language

is a distinction in

traditional systems

for analyzing

language which

refers to words, and

groups of words,

that exaggerate or

alter the usual

meanings of the

component words

Euphemism

a generall

y harmless word, name,

or phrase

that substitutes an

offensive or

suggestive one

Ibunya telah berpulang 3 tahun yang

lalu

Her mother passed away 3

years ago

Putra Pak Bupati

terganggu ingatannya

The Regent’s son is mentally

imbalanced

He is a little slow

Ia sedikit lambat

She is not feeling well

Ia sedang tidak enak badan

example

SIMILE

language style that

compares two things using “as”,

“like”, “as if”

Kinds of Simile

Traditional Simile

as hard as rock

- keras bagai

karang- sekeras

karang- keras

sekali

as old as the hills

-tua Bangka

- tua sekali

as pale as

ghost

- pucat sekali bagai hantu- pucat sekali

as silent as the grave

- sangat sunyi

- - sunyi senyap

Creative Simile

My life was a

comma, empty

like that of Adam

in paradise

Hidupku adalah sebuah koma,ko

song, seperti hidup

Adam di surga

An old man like to return

in memory to the

days of his youth

like a stranger

who longs to go

back to his town country

Orang tua ingin

mengingat kembali

masa mudanya seperti orang asing yang rindu ingin

pulang ke negarany

a

Metaphor

a direct comparison unlike

thing, similar with

simile

UniversalMetaphor

Engkaulah

Matahari

You are my sunshi

ne

Kinds of Metaphor

CulturalMetaphor

Nasibku di

ujung tanduk

I’m hanging on a thread

Personification

a language style that given an animal or an object human-

like qualities

…when love opened my eyes

with its magic rays and touches my spirit, for the first with its fiery

fingers, …

…saat cinta membuka mataku

dengan sinar ajaibnya dan

untuk pertama kali menyentuh jiwaku dengan tangan-tangan hangatnya, …

… and when I sat by the seashore I heard the waves singing the song of the eternity.

… dan saat aku duduk di tepi laut

aku dengar ombak

menyanyikan lagu keabadiaan.

… and the passion that drew tears

from my eyes was replaced by

perplexity that sucked the blood from my heart, …

…dan cinta yang mengeringkan air mata dari mataku berganti menjadi

kebingungan yang menyedot darah

dari hatiku, …

IDIOM

an expression where the

literal meaning of the words is not the

meaning of the

expression.

Ia adalah seorang kuli tinta yang

handal

He is a reliable

journalist

Don’t lose your heart.

The sun always rises

in the morning.

Jangan patah semangat. Matahari

selalu terbit setiap pagi.

Don’t ever spill the bean

Jangan pernah

membuka rahasia