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Art Seki from HECO describes HECO's experiences with wind energy installations in the State, starting as early as the 1970's. Slides from the REIS seminar series at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-09-24.
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Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc.
Wind Energy in Hawaii
UHMRenewable Energy and Island Sustainability
September 2009
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Presentation Topics
• Resource and technology• Wind development in Hawaii• Issues • Future activities
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Wind Description and Considerations
• Wind power
– Conversion of wind’s kinetic energy into electricity
• Considerations
– Strong, steady winds from 15 mph
– Average land intensity (7-40 acres per MW)
– Low turbulence
– Flat area if possible
– Clear of obstructions
– Suitable crane, harbor access, and site accessibility
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Wind Technology Development
Wind energy development in the 1970s to early 1990s led to an optimum wind turbine design
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Wind Schematic
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Wind Turbine Development
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Typical Power Output vs. Wind Speed Curve
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Wind Energy Cost
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State High Resolution Wind Density Map
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Wind Density Map of Oahu
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Kahuku -- Wind Energy ResearchMOD-0A Wind Turbine (1980)
• U.S. Department of Energy/NASA wind demonstration project
• HECO operated MOD-0A for 2 years
• Westinghouse 200 kW design
• Most productive of all 4 MOD-0A installations
• Capacity factor ~36 percent
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Kahuku Wind Farm DevelopmentWind Farm, Ltd. (1981)
• 80 MW private wind farm development at Kahuku
• EIS prepared• 20-4 MW wind turbines• 138 kV line from
Wahiawa to Kahuku • Project never
developed
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Kahuku Wind FarmWestinghouse Wind Turbines (1985)
• HERS owned and operated from 1985-1993
• 15 - 600 kW Westinghouse turbines
• Production lower than projected• Operation and maintenance was
higher than projected• New World Power owned and
operated from 1993 to 1996 (bankrupt)
• Reverted to landowner, Campbell Estates
• U.S. Army acquiring parcels at Kahuku for training
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Kahuku Wind Energy ResearchBoeing Mod-5B Wind Turbine (1987)
• HERS owned and operated from 1987-1993
• 3,200 kW Boeing turbine• World’s largest wind
turbine at the time• Last of federal-sponsored
turbines• Production was lower than
projected
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Kahuku Wind FarmU.S. Windpower (1991)
• U.S. Windpower proposed a 15 MW wind farm
• PUC approved power purchase agreement; however at lower price
• U.S. Windpower decided not to pursue
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Kaena Point Wind Energy Development (1994)
• Air Force examined (1-2 MW) wind farm development
• DOD funds available for renewable energy development
• Wind turbine solicitation• Draft EA developed for review.
Issues raised related to • Aesthetics• Bird kills• Cultural• Archeological
• Air Force withdrew solicitation--recommended project not be funded
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Kahe Wind FarmVisualization – Ko Olina Entrance (2005)
26 wind turbines for 39 MW
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Kahe Wind FarmPotential (26 turbines @ 39 MW)
KahePowerPlant Waimanalo Gulch Landfill
Nike Site
Camp Timberline
Meteorological tower
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Kahuku Wind FarmMilitary Site (2007)
• Discussions with Army
• Collected 1-yr data on existing communication tower
• Avian radar survey conducted in early 2007
• Awaited Army approval for other met tower and Sodar monitoring
• Army (Wash DC) opted not to pursue
Area of Interest
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Wind Density Map of Big Island
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Kahua Ranch Wind FarmBig Island (1983)
• Control Data Corporation• 3.4 MW• Phase 1: 18-17.5 kW Jacobs
wind turbines• Phase 2: 180-17.5 kW Jacob
wind turbines• Hawaiian Electric Renewable
Systems (HERS) owned and operated in 1987
• Wind farm shutdown in 1992
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Lalamilo Wind FarmBig Island (1985)
• Control Data Corporation
• 2.3 MW• 39-17.5 and 81-20 kW
Jacob wind turbines• HERS owned and
operated from 1987 to 1996
• HELCO asset from 1996
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Kama’oa Wind Farm Big Island (1987)
• Apollo Energy Corp.
• 9 MW• 37-250 kW
Mitsubishi wind turbines
• Planned expansion up to 20 MW
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Hawi Wind FarmBig Island (2006)
• Hawi Renewable Development (HRD)
• 10.56 MW wind farm• 16 wind turbines
(Vestas V47 - 660 kW)
• 241 ft. turbine height (ground to blade tip)
• Operational in May 2006
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Pakini Nui Wind FarmBig Island (2007)
• Re-power to 20.5 MW
• 14 wind turbines• GE 1.5 MW• 380 ft. turbine
height (ground to blade tip)
• Operational in April 2007
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Wind Density Map of Maui
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Maui Wind Energy DevelopmentWindane Wind Turbine (1984)
• Danish Pacific Windpower owned and operated
• MECO hosted 340 kW wind
turbine demonstration• MECO later purchased the unit (1989)• Dismantled due to structural problems
(1991)
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Maui Wind Energy Development(1984, 2002)
• 10 MW private wind farm development in Kapalua (1984)
– Power purchase agreement (PUC approved)
– Problems in obtaining financing and land lease
– Power purchase agreement terminated (1989)
• Future 20 MW private wind farm development in Kaheawa (2001)
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Kaheawa Wind FarmMaui (2006)
• First Wind (formerly UPC)
• 30 MW • 20 wind
turbines • GE 1.5 MW
wind turbines• ~300 ft. turbine
height (ground to blade tip)
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Auwahi Wind Farm – Maui (Future)
• Shell WindEnergy development
• ~40 MW• Ulupalakua
Ranch
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Molokai Wind Energy DevelopmentVestas Wind Turbines (1991)
• 1 MW private wind farm development on Molokai
• Wind-Diesel wind farm demonstration
– 3-100 kW Vestas wind turbines
– 1-100 kW diesel generator• Electronic problems due to
possible lighting strike (1994)• Power purchase agreement
terminated (1997)
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Wind Challenges
• Regulating units are worked harder to maintain system stability
• Ride through for faults and frequency upsets
• Excess wind energy leads to curtailments• Wind projects must be located where wind
resource is (site availability, access, transmission/interconnection issues)
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Actual HELCO Frequency Scenario
HRD wind farm output
Apollo wind farm output
System frequency
Wind speed
Limited wind
farm output
Frequency stabilized
April 2007
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Facilitate Integration of Intermittent RE Resources
• Wind integration studies (GE)
• Electronic shock absorber
• Bulk energy storage evaluations
• Pumped storage hydro assessments (Big Island and Maui)
Address integration issues to allow for increased intermittent renewable
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HECO 100 MW Renewable Energy RFP
• Sept 2007 - SOI
• Feb 2008 - Draft RFP
• Mar 2008 - Technical Conference
• Jun 2008 - Final RFP
• Jul 2008 - Bidders Conference
• Sept 2008 – Bids Due
• Dec 2008 – Short List
• Aug 2009 - Award
Shell WindEnergy
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Big Wind to Oahu
Lanai• Castle &
Cooke• 200 MW• Undersea
cable to Oahu
Molokai• First Wind• 200 MW• Undersea cable to Oahu
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Wind Density Map of Maui
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Summary
• Everyone has a part to play– HECO– Businesses– Government– Individuals
• No one can do it alone