Presentation by Heli Roy of the LSU AgCenter that explains how consuming blueberries is good for the human body.
- 1.Why is the blue good for you? Heli J. Roy, PhD, MBA, RD LSU
AgCenter
2.
- The consumption of blueberries rose about 1.6 times in the last
ten years.
- Blueberries have gained increased attention because of
beneficial components in blueberries. The components are strong
antioxidants that can delay the development of chronic diseases and
aging.
- The antioxidants compounds give blueberries their blue
color.
Usage and Popularity 3.
- Blueberries have many phytochemicals that have healthful
properties. These compounds act as an:
- Because of these properties, recent research shows that
blueberries have beneficial effects against chronic diseases.
Blueberry antioxidants benefit many organ systems in the body.
Health Benefits of Blueberries 4.
- The term "phytochemicals" refers to a wide variety of compounds
produced by plants.
- Phytochemicals are naturally-occurring non-nutritive (not
required in the diet, like nutrients) constituents of fruits and
vegetables.
- Scientists have identified thousands of phytochemicals,
although only a small fraction have been studied closely.
What are Phytochemicals? 5.
- They are found in fruits, vegetables, beans, grains, and other
plants.
- They are the colored compounds in many fruits, vegetables and
flowers.
- They are said to bebioactiveand are considered to have a
beneficial effect on human health.
What are Phytochemicals? 6. Major Groups of Phytochemicals
There are several major groups of phytochemicals 7.
- Phytochemicals are promoted for the prevention and treatment of
many health conditions, including cancer, heart disease, diabetes,
and high blood pressure.
- Genistein hormone replacement in menopause
Phytochemicals (American Cancer Society) 8.
- The polyphenols include a large subgroup of chemicals
calledflavonoids . Flavonoids are plant chemicals found in a broad
range of fruits, grains, and vegetables. Current studies examine
whether they can prevent chronic diseases such as cancer and heart
disease.
FlavonoidsAmerican Cancer Society 9.
- Some flavonoids act as antioxidants.
-
- rid body of free radicals
-
- protect against some cancers and heart disease.
- Quercetin, another flavonoid with antioxidant properties, is
found in apples, onions, teas, and red wine.
Flavonoids cont. 10.
- The isoflavones mimic the actions of the female hormone
estrogen (LicoriceandSoybean ).
- Development of and protection against some hormone-dependent
cancers such as some types of breast and prostate cancer.
Isoflavones 11.
- Ellagic acid, found in raspberries, blackberries, cranberries,
strawberries, and walnuts, also is said to have anti-cancer
effects.
- Allyl sulfides are found in garlic and onions. These compounds
may stimulate enzymes that help the body get rid of harmful
chemicals. They may also help strengthen the immune system.
Phenolic Acids 12.
- Carotenoids, beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene and zeaxanthin are
found in carrots, yams, cantaloupe, squash, and apricots.
- Tomatoes, red peppers, and pink grapefruit containlycopene
.
- The phytochemicalsluteinandzeaxanthinis found in spinach, kale,
and turnip greens.
Carotenoids 13.
- Blueberries have anthocyanins, which give blueberries their
blue hue and help neutralize free radicals.An example
ismyricetin.
- Theymay prevent diabetes, cancer and heart disease.
Blueberry Phytochemicals 14.
- Oxygen radical absorbance capacity or ORAC is a method of
measuring antioxidant capacities in biological samples. A wide
variety of foods has been tested using this methodology, with
certain spices, berries and legumes rating highly.
ORAC Score 15.
- Spices, cloves, ground290,283
- Spices, turmeric, ground127,068
- Cocoa, dry powder, unsweetened55,653
- Blueberries, wild, raw9,621
- Oats, uncooked, old fashioned1,708
ORAC Score http://www.oracvalues.com/sort/orac-value/260 16.
- Low in calories, only 80 calories per cup and they are fat
free.
- Many vitamins and minerals and they contain many non-nutritive
factors as well.
- Excellent source of vitamin C,dietary fiber,manganese.
- Some of the other nutrients in blueberries are: calcium,
copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium,
zinc, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B-6,
folate, vitamin A, and vitamin E.
Blueberries are a Superfood 17.
- There is some evidence that certain phytochemicals may help
prevent
-
- the formation of potential carcinogens (substances that cause
cancer),
-
- block the action of carcinogens on their target organs or
tissue, or
-
- act on cells to suppress cancer development.
Cancer Risk 18.
- Blueberry extracts can inhibit the growth of many types of
cancers
- The types of cancers researched were: oral, breast, colon and
prostate cancers.
- The anthocyanins are specifically effective in inhibiting the
growth of cancerous cells, blueberry anthocyanins in
particular.
Cancer Risk Lila 19.
- Chrologenic acid reduces DNA damage by oxidative
chemicals.
- Kaempferol suppresses the growth of a number of human
malignancies. It does it by enhancing the cell chemistry which
destroys the malignant cells.
- Quercetin enhances cancer cell death.
Cancer Prevention 20.
- Research has shown that regular consumption of fruits and
vegetables lowers the risk for developing heart disease.
- Those who consume blueberries on a regular basis have the
greatest benefit and lowest risk factors for heart disease.
Heart Disease Risk 21.
- In the cardiovascular system, blueberry antioxidantsenhance the
blood vessels.
- Kaempferol, a chemical in blueberries, prevents oxidative
damage of our cells, lipids and DNA.
- Chlorogenic acid in blueberries can limit low-density lipid
(LDL) oxidation, the major determinant of the initial events in
atherosclerosis.
Heart Disease Risk 22.
- In diabetes, blueberries improve the capillaries.
- Chlorogenic acidin blueberries is an antioxidant which may slow
the release of glucose into the bloodstream after a meal.
- Blueberry extract also decreases glucose uptake by cells.
- Anthocyaninmalvidinlowered elevated blood glucose levels by 33
to 51% in laboratory animals.
- Blueberry anthocyanins improve pancreatic beta cell
function.
Diabetes 23.
- Blueberry antioxidants reduce eye strain.
- Reduced photodamage to the retinas.
- Blueberry protected retinal cells against chemical toxins.
Vision 24.
- The consumption of blueberries is believed to play a role in
delaying the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as
Alzheimer's disease.
- Blueberry extract reversed some age related neuronal
degeneration and resulted in better spatial recall.
Alzheimer's Risk 25.
- Blueberry antioxidants reduce oxidative stress in the
brain.
- Blueberry supplementation may protect against neurodegeneration
and cognitive impairment caused by oxidative stress.
Alzheimers Duffy KB et al IngramDK. Neurobiology of Aging 29
(2008) 16801689 26.
- Improvegastrointestinal (GI) health.
- Inhibit the growth of several intestinal pathogens, such
asSalmonellaandStaphylococcus.
- All berries are effective in inhibiting the growth
ofHeliobacter pylori .H pyloriis a bacterial infection that can
lead to peptic ulcer disease.
GI Health 27.
- In the urinary track, blueberry antioxidants fight infection,
prevent the adhesion of harmful bacteria in the urinary track and
act as an antimicrobial agent.
- The large anthocyanin molecules in blueberries prevent adhesion
and proliferation activity ofE Colibacteria in UTI.
Urinary Track 28. Effect of blueberry phytochemicals on the
organ systems and the organs in the body: System/Effect Whole
system: Cancer prevention (whole body) Anti-infectious (whole body)
Prevents hyperglycemic peak, improves insulin and glucose levels
(blood) Reduces inflammatory reaction, improves the immune system
(whole body) Reduces blood pressure (blood vessels) Preventive
against toxins Antioxidant (whole body) 29. System Effect Liver
Prevents glycogenolysisIntestines Improves glucose absorption
Cardiovascular , blood vessels Prevents LDL oxidation BrainReduces
oxidative stress and Alzheimers. Reduces amyloid formation in
Alzheimers and improves dopamine levels in Parkinsons Heart Dilates
blood vessels in the heart, reduces plaque formation, improves
endothelial cell functionBones Protects against osteoporosis,
promotes bone growth Skin Protects against UV radiation, cancer
preventive.Joints Collagen formation Eyes Maintain healthy vision,
reduce cataracts Nerve cells Synthesis of neurotransmitters Muscles
Improves performance 30.
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http://text.lsuagcenter.com/en/food_health/nutrition/nutrients/Health-Benefits-of-Blueberries.htm
Health Benefits of Blueberries 31.
- Blueberries are available fresh, frozen, dried or canned as
fruit or juices or ready made products such as jams and jellies.
They are traditionally used in jellies, jams, and pies but also
incorporated into many new foods today. They are baked into muffins
and are an ingredient in many other snacks and delicacies. A more
recent use of blueberries includes blueberry juice.
Availability 32.
- Anthocyanins are large fat soluble molecules.
- Since they are fat soluble, their absorption is improved with
added dietary fat.
Enhancing absorption 33.
- Fresh and frozen samples had similar levels of
anthocyanins.
- Extracts did not differ from that of the fresh fruit.
- In a study, there was no significant difference in antioxidant
activity between the anthocyanin extracts of the frozen or dried
samples and the fresh fruit.
Anthocyanin Stability 34. 35. 36.
- Blueberries can be considered as superfood with all the various
health benefits they provide.
- Regular consumption can improve memory, visual acuity, reduce
infections, reduce cancer, reduce diabetes and heart disease
risk.
Conclusions 37. Thank You! 38.
- Olsson M et al.J Agric Food Chem . 2004; 52: 7264-71.
- Yi W, Fischer J, Krewer G, Akoh C.J Agric Food Chem . 2005; 53:
7320-29
- Seeram N et al.J Agric Food Chem.2006; 54: 9329-39.
- McAnulty SR et al.Free Radic Res.2005; 39(11): 1241-8.
- Lau FC et al. Neurobiology of Aging 26S (2005) S128S132.
- Ramierz MR et al.Pharmacol Res.2005; 52 (6): 457-62.
- Andres-Lacueva C et al.Nutritional Neuroscience , Volume8 ,
Issue2April 2005 , pages 111 - 120
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Blueberrieshttp://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/Commodity_Pages/Fruits/2005%20Blueberries.pdf
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- Duffy KB et al IngramDK. Neurobiology of Aging 29 (2008)
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References