Why are some places more switched Why are some places more switched on to globalisation than others? on to globalisation than others?

Some countries have become increasingly Some countries have become increasingly ‘switched on’ to globalisation. (They have ‘switched on’ to globalisation. (They have been increasingly integrated into the global been increasingly integrated into the global economy)economy)

Other countries have become increasingly Other countries have become increasingly bypassed by globalisation and remain bypassed by globalisation and remain relatively ‘switched-off’ from globalisation.relatively ‘switched-off’ from globalisation.

WhyWhy is this? is this?

What is globalisation?What is globalisation? Globalisation has multiple and contested Globalisation has multiple and contested

definitions. It is a multi-faced concept e.g. definitions. It is a multi-faced concept e.g. Economic, social, cultural, environmental.Economic, social, cultural, environmental.

Here are some ideas to help:Here are some ideas to help: The spread of global capitalismThe spread of global capitalism The spread of the ‘modern world’The spread of the ‘modern world’ The increasing interconnectedness of the world in distance The increasing interconnectedness of the world in distance

and at every level in our lives.and at every level in our lives. The shrinking world: time/space compressionThe shrinking world: time/space compression The increasing spread of western culture (?)The increasing spread of western culture (?)

GDP per capitaGDP per capita

Source: IMF 2008

Identify the ‘switched-on’ places:

Identify the ‘switched-off’ places:

GDP is the total value of the goods and services sold by a country per capita (per head) India and China look poorer because they have such large populations.

Human Development Index (HDI) Human Development Index (HDI) 20082008

Notice how Africa and South Asia are the least developed using HDI.

HDI is compiled using life expectancy (health), literacy (education) and GDP (wealth)

Top 10 wealthiest countries (GDP)Top 10 wealthiest countries (GDP)

GDP growth rate 2007GDP growth rate 2007

Source: CIA world factbook

Notice the rapid growth rate of the BRICs, NICs and even some LDCs. IMPORTANT: This suggests that some previously ‘switched off’ places are becoming more ‘switched on’.

Why is China a ‘winner’ of Why is China a ‘winner’ of globalisation? A western viewglobalisation? A western view

Government backing Many Chinese companies TNCs would do business with are part-owned or backed by the state. This reduces risk of losses for TNCs.

Low Risk & High returns

Good infrastructure Chinese government will build large industrial estates with mega-buildings (25km2), roads, reliable water and electricity supply and a management company which will find TNCs migrant employees bus them in

Tax incentives The Chinese government has set up SEZs (Special Economic Zones) where businesses can import raw materials, process, manufacture & re-export them paying reduced tariffs or duties (taxes). This cuts costs and maximises profits. SEZs have economic laws which are more liberal and open than in the mainland.

Cheap skilled labour Labour is much cheaper in China than in the EU. This reduces costs and maximises profits. The increase in highly skilled workers is driving up wages (wage inflation). Prolonged spending on health & education provided a healthy, literate and skilled workforce.

Cheap freight In the early 2000s shipping fees (freight duty and fuel) were low. However there is now a shortage of shipping slots driving up the price. Companies with larger volumes get priority bookings. Relatively low prices still enable TNCs to outsource manufacturing to far off places and still make money.

Stable currency The exchange rate of the Yuan is pegged to US$ and backed by the Chinese government. Stable exchange rates reduce risk of losses.

Emerging market As wealth trickles-down into Chinese population via the multiplier effect there is a huge potential market to sell goods.

Politically stable The Communist party has been in power since 1949. Stability reduces risk for TNCs.

Positive image China used the 2008 Olympics to reimage itself as a forward looking, powerful and wealthy country. This was very successful despite criticism about Tibet.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

The Chinese government has set up SEZs (Special Economic Zones) where businesses can import raw materials, process, manufacture & re-export them paying reduced tariffs or duties (taxes). This cuts costs and maximises profits. SEZs have economic laws which are more liberal and open than in the mainland. It is much easier for TNCs to operate in SEZs.

Source: http://www.qdepz.com/en/index.htm

Why is India a ‘winner’ of Why is India a ‘winner’ of globalisation? a western viewglobalisation? a western view

Government backing The Indian government has opened up India to TNCs bringing in valuable FDI.

Low Risk & High returns

Improving infrastructure India’s infrastructure is improving.

High Internet Bandwidth This has enabled outsourcing of many computer- and telecommunications-based activities.

Technical skills India has a vast pool of highly qualified quaternary-sector labour, especially in IT, medicine, biotech.

High tech India is a centre of hi-tech innovation. Hi-tech companies have taken over parts of Bangalore. Indian companies are now producing state-of-the-art equipment at 20% of European prices

Stable currency Stable exchange rates reduce risk of losses for TNCs

Emerging market As wealth trickles-down into the vast Indian population via the multiplier effect there is a huge potential market to sell goods.

Politically stable Political stability reduces risk for TNCs.

Positive image India has a good image owing to Bollywood, Indian Premier League cricket and films like Slumdog Millionaire.

English speaking India boasts 2 million English speaking graduates annually. Broadband and VOIP technology enables outsourcing of tertiary services e.g. call centres.

Entrepreneurship India is home to 23 billionnaires e.g. Lakshi Mittal (4th wealthiest man)! Indian entrepreneurs are excellent at growing thriving businesses.

Why are large parts of Africa bypassed Why are large parts of Africa bypassed by globalisation? A stereotypical by globalisation? A stereotypical

western business viewwestern business viewCorruption Corruption pervades many African societies. Politicians and police can abuse authority by being corrupt. This increases risk of losses and makes it time consuming and frustrating for TNCs to operate.

High Risk & low returns

Little government support Due to a lack of volume of business it is harder for TNCs to gain incentives e.g. planning permission for the best sites, tax incentives etc.

Debt Many Sub-Saharan countries are weighed down by enormous debts taken on to fund infrastructure projects in the 1970s. They could not repay these loans so the IMF has made the loans more affordable (Structural Adjustment Packages). In return many LDCs have had to cut their government spending. This has many effects.

Unskilled labour Although labour is cheap, governments’ debts and reduced spending on education mean that populations are technically unskilled. (Few universities).

Unstable currencies A rapidly changing exchange rate would be financial suicide for TNCs. This brings a high risk of losses.

Weak market Although some TNCs do operate in Africa e.g. flower exports from Kenya, the wages are not high enough to kick start the multiplier effect. This results in a weak market – TNCs cannot sell their goods.

Politically unstable Many countries have been marred by civil wars and insurrection. A supportive government can suddenly be replaced by a hostile one. This can increase risk of losses for TNCs.

Negative image Many LDC African countries suffer from a poor image. The 2010 World Cup in South Africa could improve this.

Crime Kidnappings of foreign workers (and physical threats) are prevalent in many African countries. This is high risk to TNC staff.

Poor infrastructure International debts mean African governments have no money to invest in a modern world-class infrastructure. Few regular flights and shipping operators. They cannot compete with China, India and other NICs.

CAUTION! Don’t forget that countries CAUTION! Don’t forget that countries are diverse places and that some areas are diverse places and that some areas within countries will be more switched within countries will be more switched

on than otherson than others

Think about which parts of China are more Think about which parts of China are more connected to global capitalism than othersconnected to global capitalism than others

Airline networksAirline networks

Which places are “switched-on” and “switched-off”?

GlobalGlobal city hub networkcity hub network

Which places are “switched-on” to the network?

Which places are “switched-off” from the network?

Source: Friedman 1986

Major migration flows, 2005Major migration flows, 2005

Which places are “switched-on” and “switched-off”?

Where is the “digital divide?”

Internet cables bandwidth 2007Internet cables bandwidth 2007

How does bandwidth vary between switched on and switched-off places?Source: www.guardian.co.uk

Shipping Lanes 2008Shipping Lanes 2008

Source: National Center for Ecological Anaysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, February 2008

Identify the hubs and flows of trade

Container PortsContainer Ports

Source: www.worldmapper.org

Which places are “switched- on” and “switched-off”?

The Toy tradeThe Toy trade

Toys exported

Toys imported

In which direction is the flow?

Source: www.worldmapper.org

www.garrysimmons.org.ukwww.garrysimmons.org.uk