LECTURES ON LECTURES ON ENGLISH GRAMMARENGLISH GRAMMAR

By: Pham Thi Hong ThanhBy: Pham Thi Hong Thanh

* * Học liệu bắt buộcHọc liệu bắt buộc: : QQuirk, R.& Greenbaum, S ( 1973)uirk, R.& Greenbaum, S ( 1973) A University A University

Grammar of EnglishGrammar of English, Longman group limited. , Longman group limited. * * Học liệu tham khảo:Học liệu tham khảo:1. Azar, B (1989), 1. Azar, B (1989), Undertanding and using English Undertanding and using English

grammargrammar, Prentice Hall Regents., Prentice Hall Regents.2. Murphy, R ( 1985) 2. Murphy, R ( 1985) English Grammar in UseEnglish Grammar in Use, ,

Cambridge Universty Press. Cambridge Universty Press.

I. Some important concepts in I. Some important concepts in English LanguageEnglish Language

Language

Language elements Language skills

Speaking, listening, writing, readingVocab, grammar, pronunciation

II. Grammar unitsII. Grammar units

Ex: If I were a flower, I would be a Ex: If I were a flower, I would be a sunsunfflowerlower.. morphememorpheme wordword PhrasePhrase ClauseClause SentenceSentence

Are analyzed into Are analyzed into Are used to built Are used to built

Sentences Sentences SentencesSentences

ClausesClauses ClausesClauses

PhrasesPhrases PhrasesPhrases

WordsWords WordsWords

MorphemesMorphemes MorphemesMorphemes

1.2. Types of sentences1.2. Types of sentences

Simple sentence - Simple sentence - one independent clauseone independent clause

Complex sentence - Complex sentence - main & sub-clausemain & sub-clause

Compound sentence - Compound sentence - 2 main clauses2 main clauses

1.3. Sentence pattern1.3. Sentence pattern

1. My head aches 1. My head aches

2. She is beautiful2. She is beautiful

3. People all over the world hate wars.3. People all over the world hate wars.

4.4.I gave him a book.I gave him a book.

5.5.We are in classroom.We are in classroom.

6. The boss made him a fool.6. The boss made him a fool.

7. They often read books here.7. They often read books here.

8. There are a lot of young teachers.8. There are a lot of young teachers.

S+VS+V My head aches. My head aches.

S+ V+ C(S) S+ V+ C(S) She is beautiful.She is beautiful.

S+ V+ O S+ V+ O We all hate wars.We all hate wars.

S+ V+ O( i)+ O (d) S+ V+ O( i)+ O (d) I gave him a book.I gave him a book.

S+ V+ AS+ V+ A We are in classroomWe are in classroom.. S+ V+ O+ C S+ V+ O+ C The boss made him a fool.The boss made him a fool.

S+ V+ O+ A S+ V+ O+ A They often read books here. They often read books here.

There+ V+ S There+ V+ S There are a lot of young There are a lot of young teachers.teachers.

Elements of English sentence (clause)Elements of English sentence (clause)

Downing and Locke (1992) listed eleven Downing and Locke (1992) listed eleven elements:elements:

Subject, Predicator, Direct object, Indirect Subject, Predicator, Direct object, Indirect object, Prepositional Object, Subject object, Prepositional Object, Subject complement, Object complement, complement, Object complement, Predicator complement, Adjunct, Disjunct Predicator complement, Adjunct, Disjunct and Conjunct.and Conjunct.

The election campaignThe election campaign ended today. ended today. The election campaign The election campaign endedended today. today.

Ted has bought Ted has bought a new motorbikea new motorbike..

They sent They sent their friendstheir friends postcards. postcards. You must allow for You must allow for price increasesprice increases..

He isHe is powerless to make any changespowerless to make any changes..

The election campaignThe election campaign ended today. ended today. Subject Subject

The election campaign The election campaign endedended today. today. PredicatorPredicator

Ted has bought Ted has bought a new motorbikea new motorbike.. Direct objectDirect object

They sent They sent their friendstheir friends postcards. postcards.Indirect objectIndirect object

You must allow for You must allow for price increasesprice increases..Prepositional ObjectPrepositional Object

He isHe is powerless to make any changespowerless to make any changes..Subject complementSubject complement

We consider the situation We consider the situation alarmingalarming..

She tiptoed She tiptoed out of the roomout of the room..

The news reached us The news reached us on Tuesdayon Tuesday..

UnfortunatelyUnfortunately, it was late to get to Newcastle in , it was late to get to Newcastle in time.time.

HoweverHowever, other friends were there., other friends were there.

We consider the situation We consider the situation alarmingalarming..Object complementObject complement

She tiptoed She tiptoed out of the roomout of the room..Predicator complementPredicator complement

The news reached us The news reached us on Tuesdayon Tuesday..AdjunctAdjunct

UnfortunatelyUnfortunately, it was late to get to Newcastle in , it was late to get to Newcastle in time.time.DisjunctDisjunct

HoweverHowever, other friends were there., other friends were there. Conjunct.Conjunct.

III. III. Syntactic functions of Syntactic functions of sentence elementssentence elements

1. Subject and Predicate1. Subject and Predicate

+ + Subject: the person or thing that is being Subject: the person or thing that is being spoken about, the topic of the sentence.spoken about, the topic of the sentence.

+ Predicate: the things saying about the + Predicate: the things saying about the subject.subject.

The subject can be a The subject can be a single wordsingle word, a , a nounnoun or or pronounpronoun or a or a noun phrasenoun phrase or or

even even a a clauseclause..

- - GrammarGrammar is compulsory subject in the school. is compulsory subject in the school.

- Learning English grammarLearning English grammar is very easy. is very easy.

- What we have known about English grammar- What we have known about English grammar is is still very little.still very little.

2. Object2. Object The object is the person or thing toward The object is the person or thing toward

which the subject directs the action of the which the subject directs the action of the verb.verb.

An object is normally a noun, pronoun, or An object is normally a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase, a clause. noun phrase, a clause.

We like We like teachingteaching..

I like I like teaching English Grammar to youteaching English Grammar to you..

I don’t know I don’t know why I love Son la so much like thatwhy I love Son la so much like that..

Direct objectsDirect objects refer to the person or thing refer to the person or thing affectedaffected by the action of verb. by the action of verb.

Indirect objectsIndirect objects usually refer to the person or usually refer to the person or thing Who thing Who ““benefits”benefits” from the action expressed in from the action expressed in

the verb.the verb.

He gave He gave me me a rosea rose He gave a rose He gave a rose to me.to me.

3. Complement3. Complement

The complement is the part of the The complement is the part of the

sentence that sentence that gives further informationgives further information

about the about the subject subject or or objectobject. In other words, . In other words,

the complement completes the meaning of the complement completes the meaning of

the subject and object. the subject and object.

Subject complement and Object complementSubject complement and Object complement Realize the SC and OC in these sentences:Realize the SC and OC in these sentences:You are young.

I call her what she likes to be called- an

innocent girl.

She is a beautiful girl with positive point of

view.

Dark makes children scared.

We saw them dancing in the rain.

What I would like to know is where she can find

a job.

.

4. The adverbial4. The adverbial

Are the adverb and the adverbial Are the adverb and the adverbial the same?the same?

The adverbThe adverb

The adverb tells us something about the The adverb tells us something about the action in the sentence by modifying a verb, action in the sentence by modifying a verb, an adjective, an adverb or even a an adjective, an adverb or even a sentence by telling sentence by telling how, when, where, how, when, where, how oftenhow often, etc,.. some thing happens or , etc,.. some thing happens or done.done.

Adverbs are Adverbs are singlesingle words. words.

The adverbialThe adverbial

Many Many phrasesphrases and and clausesclauses can perform can perform a similar function of the adverb in the a similar function of the adverb in the sentence. So the term “adverbial” is used sentence. So the term “adverbial” is used to describe to describe any single word or phrase any single word or phrase or clauseor clause that function as adverb in the that function as adverb in the sentence. They can be called adverbial sentence. They can be called adverbial phrase or adverbial clause. phrase or adverbial clause.

Examples of adverbialsExamples of adverbials

You did the test You did the test carelesslycarelessly.(.( a word) a word)

You did the test You did the test in a very careless wayin a very careless way..(a phrase)(a phrase)

You did the test You did the test so carelessly that I so carelessly that I didn’t want to correct itdidn’t want to correct it.( a clause).( a clause)

1. 1. TimeTime Since we weren’t togetherSince we weren’t together, I’ve always , I’ve always been sad.been sad.

4. 4. PurposePurpose We are trying hard We are trying hard so that we so that we can pass the exam.can pass the exam.

3. 3. ReasonReason Because the traffic was terribleBecause the traffic was terrible I I came to class late that day.came to class late that day.

2. 2. PlacePlace I’ll follow him I’ll follow him wherever he may gowherever he may go..

5. 5. ResultResult The test was so difficult The test was so difficult that that nobody got good marknobody got good mark..

7. 7. ConcessionConcession Although her poems are Although her poems are soso interestinginteresting, her stories are so boring , her stories are so boring

6. 6. MannerManner Do Do as I did beforeas I did before..

8. 8. ComparisonComparison He can run He can run as fast as his as fast as his sister cansister can..

9. 9. ConditionCondition If I were youIf I were you,, I told him the I told him the truth.truth.

Part of speechPart of speech

How many parts of speech are there?How many parts of speech are there? What are they?What are they?

There are ten parts of speech in There are ten parts of speech in English:English:

NounNoun VerbVerb AdjectiveAdjective AdverbAdverb

DemonstrativeDemonstrative ArticleArticle PronounPronoun PrepositionPreposition ConjunctionConjunction InterjectionInterjection

These elements are divided into two These elements are divided into two groups: groups: openopen class items and class items and closeclose system items. system items.

What are the differences between What are the differences between open class items and close system open class items and close system itemsitems??

Open class items Open class items

Conclude content Conclude content words which have words which have lexical meaninglexical meaning

Great amount Great amount

ExtendableExtendable

Not exclusiveNot exclusive

Close system itemsClose system items

Conclude function Conclude function wordswords

Certain amountCertain amount

Can not be extendedCan not be extended

ExclusiveExclusive