Upload
nebraska-water-center
View
198
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Alan Kolok
Director, Nebraska Watershed Network UN OmahaDirector, Center for Environmental Health and Toxicology, UNMCFaculty Fellow, Daugherty Water for Food Institute
Water and Health: Issues and Opportunities.
January 27, 2016
Water and Health: Issues
Who Poisoned Flint, Michigan?January, 2016
Polluted Water
Improper Treatment
Adverse health impacts
Flint, Michigan is an example of a traditional water pollution problem:
- Limited geography
- Environmental problem is fixable.
- Biological problem is acute, obvious and newsworthy.
Common weed killer atrazine is showing up in public water supply.- August 2009
Small towns in Illinois have atrazine in their drinking water.
Atrazine, drinking water and public health.
Syngenta settles Atrazine lawsuit for $105 million. - January, 2013
Herbicide tainted water systems.
Debating how much weed killer is safe in our water glass.- August 2009
‘Super - wicked’ environmental problems- Lazarus 2009
- Environmental problem: multiple sources,
fixable only with considerable political effort.
- Vast geography.
- Biological problems are confronted by ‘doubters’.
The poster child for Super Wicked Problems:
Global climate change.
Is watershed scale atrazine contamination a super wicked problem?
Illinois Drinking Water Facilities
US EPA has collected preretreatment water sampled at 15 DWFs, mostly servicingsmall towns.
Sampling occurred from2004 until 2011.
March 1 - September 1 each year.
Most sites in most years had >20 atrazine measurements.
http://www2.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/atrazine-monitoring-program-data-and-results
Ashland, Illinois% exceedance of 3 ppb (0%)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Atrazine Concentration Duration Curve
Percent of Time
Atr
azin
e (p
pb)
“Superconsumers” exist in the populaiton and are responsible for the majority of the data collection.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Atrazine Concentration Duration Curve
Fraction of Time
Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pb)
Mt. Olive, Illinois % exceedance of 3 ppb (43%)Average atrazine conc. in raw water = 4.45 ppb
Average conc. in finished water = 2.6 ppb
The water quality between Mt. Olive and Ashland, 82 miles apart is considerably different.
To understand the health risks associated with agrichemicals in water, it is necessary to
understand the temporal and spatial variation in the occurrence of agrichemicals.
Temporal variation of atrazine in surface water.
The Elkhorn River Research Station
Atrazine testing strips:
Fast, inexpensive, accurate
Immediate reporting time (10 min)Inexpensive ($10 / sample)
Discriminates presence at 3 ppb
+ -
Weekly Atrazine Occurrence April 1-July 1 2011-2015
April May June
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Rain storms, river discharge and atrazine.
2012
29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Wat
erlo
o G
agin
g St
atio
nM
ean
Dis
char
ge (c
ubic
ft/s
ec)
Knight et al. 2013. Env. Tox. Chem, 32:1544-1551.
2 2 2 M M M M M M M M J J Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju J J Ju0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Mea
n D
isch
arge
(W
ater
loo
USG
S ga
ging
stat
ion)
2013
Ali and Kolok 2015. Env. Tox. Chem. 34:1354–1361.
Compound
AtrazineAcetochlorMetolachlorDEADimethenamidDIAPropazine
29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000W
ater
loo
Gag
ing
Stat
ion
Mea
n D
isch
arge
(cub
ic ft
/s)
Pulse
195401090936281262918655189
Post - Pulse69039
16022134
10617
Knight et al. 2013. Environ Toxicol Chem 32:1544-1551.
Atrazine is acting as a sentinel chemical, as it co-occurs with a number of other herbicides.
Acetochlor Alachlor Atrazine DEA
Propazine 0.93* 0.76* 0.97* 0.81*
Acetochlor 0.88* 0.91* 0.79*
Alachlor 0.74* 0.56
Atrazine 0.78*
Ali and Kolok 2015 In press. Environ Toxicol Chem.
Rel
ativ
e ge
ne
expr
essi
on
0.2
0.6
1
Lab water Pulse water
*
ER-a
12-Mar 1-Apr 21-Apr 11-May 31-May 20-Jun 10-Jul0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Mea
n Di
scha
rge
(Wat
erlo
o U
SGS
gagi
ng st
ation
)
20122012
Knight et al. 2013. Environ Toxicol Chem. 32:1544-1551.
Rel
ativ
e ge
ne
expr
essi
on0.0
0.25
0.5
Lab water Pulse water
*
Vtg
*
22-Mar 1-Apr 11-Apr 21-Apr 1-May 11-May 21-May 31-May 10-Jun 20-Jun 30-Jun0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Mea
n Di
scha
rge
(Wat
erlo
o U
SGS
gagi
ng st
ation
)
2012
ER-a
Vtg
Rel
ativ
e ge
ne
expr
essi
on
0.0
0.35
0.7
Lab water Post -pulse water
Rel
ativ
e ge
ne
expr
essi
on
0.0
0.65
1.3
Lab waterPost-pulse
water
Knight et al. 2013. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 32:1544-1551
Temporal variation of atrazine in surface water.
Atrazine is present in pulses, that depend upon storm events.
The presence of atrazine is indicative of the presence of a suite of agrichemicals.
These chemicals are biologically active, and create adverse health impacts.
Spatial variation of atrazine across watersheds.
2011, “What’s in your watershed Day?”
Citizen Scientists, including members of Boy Scout Troop597 collected data on atrazine throughout the entire Elkhorn River basin.
Over 110 data points were collected and routed to a GIS dataset and map, all in one day.
Omaha Boy Scout Troop 597 at the Elkhorn River Research Station.
Omaha Boy Scout Troop 597 at the Elkhorn River Research Station.
- Omaha Boy Scout Troop 597
- Norfolk Boy Scout Pack 124
- Ewing Public Schools
- Audubon Society of Omaha
- Nebraska Master Naturalists
- Sierra Club Missouri Valley
- Keep Fremont Beautiful
- Keep Norfolk Beautiful
- Upper Elkhorn River NRD
Volunteer Organizations :
Data acquisition through an interactive website.
Super wicked problems.Lazarus (2009)
Interdependencies, uncertainties, circularities, and conflicting stakeholders implicated by any effort to develop a solution.
Time is not costless, the longer it takes to address the problem, the harder it will be to do so.
May 21, 2011 What’s in your Watershed Day
96 tests, 53 positive hits.
0/15 0% 4/12
33%
49/6971%
… or even continental.
New Orleans
Arkansas RiverOhio RiverMissouri RiverIllinois RiverMinnesota
Li’l Miss Atrazine – monitoring the occurrence of atrazine throughout the Mississippi River basin.
All samples were collected within a 24 hr period on June 7, 2014.
211 useable data points were collected from 7 states.
Region n > 3 ppb (%)
Far North (Minnesota) 23 0%North (N. Illinois) 63 9.5%St. Louis region 15 26%Central (Ky/Mo) 37 45%Lower (Louisiana) 9 0%
Ali et al. 2016 IEAM In press.
Within a single day, atrazineconcentration varies considerably from site to site acrossa large geography.
While not totally surprising, this is the first time that data of this type have been acquired simultaneously across a massive watershed.
The spatial and temporal relationships between atrazine application and detection in surface water are understood.
Efforts are underway to elucidatethe relationship between surface water incidenceand adverse health impacts.
Collaborators:
Daniel Snow University of Nebraska – LincolnShannon Bartelt-Hunt University of Nebraska – LincolnEleanor Rogan University of Nebraska Medical CenterGraduate Students :Marlo Sellin-Jeffries Lindsey Sherretts-KnightAshley Jessick Jonathan AliJodi Sangster Ryan KryslYun Zhang
Undergraduate Students :Nicholas Conoan, Aisling Quigley, Racine Rangel, Suzie Slobotski, Michael Benner, Anthony Riskowski, Yasmine Farhat, Miranda IliffJameson Linscott, Matthew Dunkle, Courtney Smith , Ashley EisertJennifer Kathol, Mariah Rakestraw, Jessica Edwards Afra AlbassamRebecca Wiemann, Joshua Ojomo, Derek Colwell, Karissa PyresDan Hawkins, Mariah Rakestraw
Partners