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Giddeons 9e Chapter 3
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Introduction to SociologyNinth Edition
Anthony Giddens, Mitchell Duneier,
Richard P. Appelbaum, & Deborah Carr
Chapter 3Culture and Society
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Culture and Society
2
• Who is more likely to use the latest Internet social networking technologies to develop networks of online friends, who are mostly persons they have never met? Teenage students in:– (a) Silicon Valley– (b) Beijing– (c) London– (d) New York
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Learning Objectives
3
• Basic Concepts– Know what culture consists of and recognize how it
differs from society
• The Sociological Study of Culture– Learn about the “cultural turn” and sociological
perspectives on culture– Understand the processes that changed societies over
time
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Learning Objectives
4
• Research Today: Understanding the Modern World– Recognize the legacies of colonialism and the effects of
globalization on your own life and the lives of people around the world
• Unanswered Questions– Understand the debate over the influence of biological
and cultural factors on behavior– Learn how the Internet and global culture influence local
cultures
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Basic Concepts
5
• Culture is made up of– Values• Abstract ideals about right and wrong
– Norms• Standards of behavior
–Material goods• The objects and goods a society creates
– Languages and symbols
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Basic Concepts
6
• Cultural universals– Grammatically complex language– Family systems and marriage– Incest prohibition– Art, dancing, and body adornments– Games, gift giving, and joking– Rules of hygiene
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Basic Concepts
7
• Language– Linguistic relativity hypothesis– Speech and writing– Signifier– Symbols– Semiotics
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Basic Concepts
8
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
The Sociological Studyof Culture
9
• Culture is not the same as society• Society– Group of people living in a given territory
governed by a common political authority and guided by a common culture
• Culture makes society possible• Cultural turn in sociology
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 10
The Sociological Studyof Culture
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 11
• Hunting and Gathering Societies– Oldest but now close to disappearing
(<250,000 worldwide)– Very small—typically 30 to 40 people– Few material possessions– Tended toward equality and cooperation
The Sociological Studyof Culture
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 12
• Pastoral and Agrarian Societies– Second oldest type of society– Pastoral—tending of domesticated animals– Agrarian—cultivation of crops– Some accumulation of material possessions– More inequality, competition, and
concentration of power
The Sociological Studyof Culture
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 13
• Traditional Societies– Third oldest type of society– Disappeared in the 1800s– Cities, great inequalities of power and wealth,
and ruled by kings or emperors
The Sociological Studyof Culture
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 14
The Sociological Studyof Culture
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 15
• Industrialized Societies– Industrialization destroyed the forms of society
that dominated prior periods– Machine production based on use of inanimate
power resources– Mostly urban– More developed political systems
The Sociological Studyof Culture
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Research Today: Understanding the Modern World
16
• Colonialism– Global South• Most nations only independent post-World
War II• Agriculture remains the main economic
activity• Extremely high levels of poverty
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 17
Research Today: Understanding the Modern World
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 18
• Cultural Conformity– Accomplished in two ways• Learn norms beginning in childhood with
parents playing an important role• Social control when a person fails to conform
Research Today: Understanding the Modern World
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 19
• Cultural Diversity– Subcultures– Assimilation–Multiculturalism
Research Today: Understanding the Modern World
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 20
Research Today: Understanding the Modern World
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 21
• Ethnocentrism– Judging other cultures though the lens of
one’s own culture– Can lead to misrepresentations and
unfair judgments
Research Today: Understanding the Modern World
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 22
• Cultural Relativism– Judging other cultures by their own
standards to understand them better– Useful for understanding differences in
culturally diverse societies
Research Today: Understanding the Modern World
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Unanswered Questions
23
• Nature or Nurture?– Influence of sociobiology• The application of biological principles to
explain the social activities of human beings
– Nature and nurture interact to produce human behavior
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Unanswered Questions
24
• Does the Internet Promote a Global Culture?– The Internet is in many ways compatible
with traditional cultural values
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
The Sociological Studyof Culture
25
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Unanswered Questions
26
• Does Globalization Weaken or Strengthen Local Cultures?– Role of globalization in cultural change– Nationalism
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Unanswered Questions
27
• How Easily Do Cultures Change?– China: Then and Now
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Unanswered Questions
28
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Concept Quiz
29
Culture can be defined as ___ .(a) artistic forms of expression that help cultivate the intellect of members of a society(b) expectations about modes of behavior appropriate to participating in a particular community or society(c) the values, norms, and material objects characteristic of a particular group(d) scientific understandings and the technological advancements that come from them, by which society is built
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Concept Quiz
30
Which of the following might be considered a cultural universal?(a) using smart phone and the Internet(b) having conflict with one’s in-laws(c) decorating one’s body(d) teaching children how to be self-sufficient
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Concept Quiz
31
___ consists of the physical objects that a society creates that influence the ways in which people live.(a) Scientific technology(b) Artistic propaganda(c) Infrastructure(d) Material culture
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Concept Quiz
32
What is the main difference between pastoral societies and agrarian societies?(a) Pastoral societies relied mainly on domesticated animals, while agrarian societies relied on agriculture.(b) Agrarian societies predated pastoral societies by at least several thousand years.(c) Agrarian societies were marked by much more divisive inequalities than pastoral societies.(d) Pastoral societies only existed in Africa and the Middle East, while agrarian societies were spread across the entire globe.
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Concept Quiz
33
Secret documents revealed by Edward Snowden in 2013 revealed a NSA program collecting vast amounts of information on the communications of Americans. Which of the following are characteristics of industrial societies that sociologists might use to put these revelations in context?(a) rapid technological developments based on advanced scientific knowledge(b) more extensive control over many aspects of citizen’s lives than previous types of human societies(c) advanced modes of military organization(d) the rise of a rational-legal mode of social organization
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Concept Quiz
34
Disparaging attitudes towards polygamy (a marriage that includes more than two people) in the United States may be a formof ___ .(a) social control(b) ethnocentrism(c) cultural relativism(d) assimilation
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Discussion Question: Thinking Sociologically
35
Mention at least two cultural traits that you would claim are universals; mention two others you would claim are culturally specific traits. Use case study materials from different societies to show the differences between universal and specific cultural traits. Are the cultural universals you have discussed derivatives of human instincts? Explain your answer.
Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company
Discussion Question: Thinking Sociologically
36
What does it mean to be ethnocentric? How is ethnocentrism dangerous in conducting social research? How is ethnocentrism problematic among nonresearchers in their everyday lives?
This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 3