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Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja Carrera: Inglés Docente: Lic. Paola Alexandra Cabrera Solano Ciclo: Primero Bimestre: Segundo
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ESCUELA: INGLÉS
PROFESOR:
COMMUNICATIVE GRAMMAR II
MGS. PAOLA A. CABRERA SOLANO
BIMESTRE: SEGUNDO
Octubre 2011-Febrero 2012
SECOND TERM
The Past of Be
UNIT SEVEN: THERE IS / THERE ARE; PRONOUNS; QUESTIONS WITH HOW MANY
UNIT EIGHT: REVIEW AND CONTRAST; VERBS AND PRONOUNS
UNIT NINE: THE FUTURE
UNIT TEN: NOUNS, QUANTIFIERS, AND PRONOUNS
UNIT ELEVEN: MODALS: PERMISSION / REQUESTS; DESIRES; OFFERS; ADVICE; NECESSITY
UNIT TWELVE: COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES; ADVERBS
3
UNIT VII: THERE IS / THERE ARE; PRONOUNS; QUESTIONS WITH HOW MANY
There is / There are; Is there ….? Are there…? Some examples…
• We use there is or there’s to state facts about a person or thing.
• We use there are to talk about people or things.
• There isn’t … there aren’t.
• We use any with yes/no questions about plural nouns.
• We use there is or there’s to state facts about a person or thing.
• We use there are to talk about people or things.
• There isn’t … there aren’t.
• We use any with yes/no questions about plural nouns.
There is a woman at the department.
There are six tables there.
There aren’t any gyms near our house.
Are there any stores in this city?
There is a woman at the department.
There are six tables there.
There aren’t any gyms near our house.
Are there any stores in this city?
SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS; DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS
SSOME EXAMPLES …
• A pronoun replaces a noun. A subject pronoun replaces a noun in subject position.
• An object pronoun replaces a noun in subject position.
• A direct object answers the question “whom” or “what”.
• An indirect object answers the question “to whom” or “to what”.
• A pronoun replaces a noun. A subject pronoun replaces a noun in subject position.
• An object pronoun replaces a noun in subject position.
• A direct object answers the question “whom” or “what”.
• An indirect object answers the question “to whom” or “to what”.
William works / He works
Susan called PaulSusan called him DO IO
She gave the CD to her. IO DO
She gave her the CD. DO IO
She gave it to her.
William works / He works
Susan called PaulSusan called him DO IO
She gave the CD to her. IO DO
She gave her the CD. DO IO
She gave it to her.
Count and Non –Count Nouns; Articles
Affirmative Statements – Negative Statements
IMPORTANT: Some, any, a few, a litle: Review page 242.
Affirmative Statements – Negative Statements
IMPORTANT: Some, any, a few, a litle: Review page 242.
Count nouns : Nouns that we can
countNon-count nouns:
Nouns that we cannot count
Singular Count Nouns: a , an, one (bag)Plural Count Nouns: five, some, a few, a lot of, many (pencil, book)Non – Count Nouns: a little, some, a lot of (motivation, salt)
The Simple Present and Present Progressive; Adverbs and Expressions of Frequency
The Simple Present and Present Progressive; Adverbs and Expressions of Frequency
SOME EXAMPLES …SOME EXAMPLES …
Simple present: to tell about habits, customs, regular occurrences, routines, or facts.
Present progressive: to tell or ask about an action that is happening right now or these days.
Adverbs of frequency Expressions of
frequency
Simple present: to tell about habits, customs, regular occurrences, routines, or facts.
Present progressive: to tell or ask about an action that is happening right now or these days.
Adverbs of frequency Expressions of
frequency
I go to the park.Does he like fruits?I’m listening pop music
right now.Is he watching a movie?How often do you go to the
gym?They always walk.
I go to the park.Does he like fruits?I’m listening pop music
right now.Is he watching a movie?How often do you go to the
gym?They always walk.
Every dayTwiceThree timesSeveral timesOnce in a while
UNIT VIII: REVIEW AND CONTRAST; VERBS AND PRONOUNS
ADVERBS AND EXPRESSIONS OF FREQUENCY
9
Pages 267, and
268Gerunds Infinitives
Simple Past
Non – action verbs Some examples….
10
• We like the beach.• I prefer milk instead of coffee.•This car costs a lot of money.• I am very tired now.
UNIT IX: THE FUTURE
There are different ways to express the future:Be + going to + the base form of the verb: I’m going to study English tomorrow.
11
Be going to …Be going to …SOME EXAMPLES …SOME EXAMPLES …
Facts about the future. Make predictions. Talk about plans. Probably. Future Time markers. The present progressive
+ a future time marker.
Facts about the future. Make predictions. Talk about plans. Probably. Future Time markers. The present progressive
+ a future time marker.
The congress is going to be in Florida.
There is going to be a change in the climate.
I’m going to travel tomorrow.
I’m travelling next week.
The congress is going to be in Florida.
There is going to be a change in the climate.
I’m going to travel tomorrow.
I’m travelling next week.
WILL FOR THE FUTURE; FUTURE TIME MARKERSWILL FOR THE FUTURE; FUTURE TIME MARKERS SOME EXAMPLESSOME EXAMPLES
Nouns are names of people, places, and things that will take place in the future.
We use contractions of will with pronouns in speaking and informal writing.
Nouns are names of people, places, and things that will take place in the future.
We use contractions of will with pronouns in speaking and informal writing.
The grammar class will begin next month.
Will they be there? He’s going to take this
course. Not: He’s going to takes a
course.
The grammar class will begin next month.
Will they be there? He’s going to take this
course. Not: He’s going to takes a
course.
We use “Will” to ……
14
Pages 311 - 313
WILL / MAY / MIGHTWILL / MAY / MIGHTSOME EXAMPLES ….SOME EXAMPLES ….
USE:
Will for predictions. Will to make a promise or
give assurance. Will to ask for or offer
something.
Won’t is the contaction of Will + not
REVIEW: MAY AND MIGHT PAGE 321
USE:
Will for predictions. Will to make a promise or
give assurance. Will to ask for or offer
something.
Won’t is the contaction of Will + not
REVIEW: MAY AND MIGHT PAGE 321
In 2050 there will be more mega-cities.
I’ll be back tomorrow. Will you help me? I won’t be at the birthday
party next week. May is a little more
possible than might
In 2050 there will be more mega-cities.
I’ll be back tomorrow. Will you help me? I won’t be at the birthday
party next week. May is a little more
possible than might
NOUNSNOUNSSOME EXAMPLESSOME EXAMPLES
Some and any refer to an amount.
Some in affirmative Any in negative Any or some can be used
with plural count-nouns and non-count nouns.
To count non-count nouns we use containers.
Some and any refer to an amount.
Some in affirmative Any in negative Any or some can be used
with plural count-nouns and non-count nouns.
To count non-count nouns we use containers.
He bought some calendars.
I didn’t buy any books. Did you buy any milk? She drank two glasses of
water.
He bought some calendars.
I didn’t buy any books. Did you buy any milk? She drank two glasses of
water.
UNIT X: NOUNS
TOO MANY / TOO MUCH
TOO MANY / TOO MUCH
SOME EXAMPLES …SOME EXAMPLES …
Too many and too much mean more than the right amount.
Too many before plural count- nouns
Too much before non-count nouns.
Too few is the opposite of too many.
Too little is the opposite of too much.
Too many and too much mean more than the right amount.
Too many before plural count- nouns
Too much before non-count nouns.
Too few is the opposite of too many.
Too little is the opposite of too much.
Too many people registered for that course.
It costs too much money. There were too few chairs. There was too little time.
Too many people registered for that course.
It costs too much money. There were too few chairs. There was too little time.
POSSESIVESPOSSESIVES SOME EXAMPLES …SOME EXAMPLES …
A possessive adjective shows belonging.
A possessive pronoun replaces a possessive adjective and a noun.
A noun never follows a possessive pronoun.
The verb that follows a possessive pronoun agrees with the noun it replaces.
A possessive adjective shows belonging.
A possessive pronoun replaces a possessive adjective and a noun.
A noun never follows a possessive pronoun.
The verb that follows a possessive pronoun agrees with the noun it replaces.
Possessive Adjective:My, Your, His, Her, Our, Their, and Its.My name is Paola.His car is red.Possessive pronoun: Mine, Yours, His, Hers,
Ours, and TheirsYour car is blue.Mine is black.
Possessive Adjective:My, Your, His, Her, Our, Their, and Its.My name is Paola.His car is red.Possessive pronoun: Mine, Yours, His, Hers,
Ours, and TheirsYour car is blue.Mine is black.
MODALSMODALS SOME EXAMPLES …SOME EXAMPLES …
Can or May for Permission. May is more formal than
can. There is not contraction for
may not. Can or May + the base form
of the verb. Requests: Would you..,
Could you…, Can you..
Can or May for Permission. May is more formal than
can. There is not contraction for
may not. Can or May + the base form
of the verb. Requests: Would you..,
Could you…, Can you..
May / Can I go to the party?
You can’t drive a truck on this road.
Would you please help me carry these books?
Can you go with me?
May / Can I go to the party?
You can’t drive a truck on this road.
Would you please help me carry these books?
Can you go with me?
UNIT XI: MODALS: PERMISSION / REQUESTS; DESIRES; OFFERS; ADVICE; NECESSITY
20
Should
Should• To give advice• To talk about what is right to do.
Should notShould not
•Negative•Shouldn’t = contraction (speaking and informal writing
Ought toOught to
• Means the same as should• It is not usually used in questions or
negatives. We use should instead. (Use Maybe or I think.. before)
MODALS + BASE FORM OF THE VERB
21
Had betterHad
better
• To give advice ( present or future)• It is stronger than should.• It is followed by the base form of the verb.• ‘d better in speaking and informal writing. (Had does not refer to the
past
Have to
Don’t have to
Have to
Don’t have to
Must / Mustn’tMust /
Mustn’t
• To talk about things that are necessary. • We usually use have to in speaking and informal writing.• Have to is different from the verb have.
• To talk about things that are necessary.• Must is stronger than have to. • The past of must and have to is had to.
UNIT XII: UNIT TWELVE: COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES; ADVERBS
COMPARISONSCOMPARISONS
We use the comparative form of an adjective + than to compare people, places, or things.
We use the comparative form of an adjective + than to compare people, places, or things.
COMPARISONSCOMPARISONS
• Good – Better• Bad – Worse• Far - Farther
Good, bad, and far (Irregular adjectives)
•Use the object pronoun after than.
•Use the subject pronoun after than
Object pronoun (Informal)
Subject pronoun (formal)
• To show how people, places, or things are alike. He is as tall as Mike (Not….)
as + adjective + as
•For things that are alike.the same as
Adverbs of manner describe action verbs. They say how or in what manner something happens.
They usually come at the end of the sentence. (Slowly, well, fast, carefully, fluently,) Review pages 423 and 424.
Enough means sufficient - Too means more than necessary.
We use Much to make comparisons stronger - He’s much younger than me.
Adverbs of manner describe action verbs. They say how or in what manner something happens.
They usually come at the end of the sentence. (Slowly, well, fast, carefully, fluently,) Review pages 423 and 424.
Enough means sufficient - Too means more than necessary.
We use Much to make comparisons stronger - He’s much younger than me.