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Use of English – Linking words

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Using Connectors

Firstly

Secondly

The following point is …

However

Apart from

But

In theory Since As a result

So

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What are connectors?

• They connect between ideas in sentences and paragraphs.

• They help your reader follow your reasoning.

They are essential in producing good writing!

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What’s wrong with these sentences?

I went to the beach. There were too many jellyfish. I decided to stay. I had a good time. I met some friends.

but and

Here you have a simple solution!!

I went to the beach. There were too many jellyfish, but I decided to stay anyway. I had a good time, and I met some friends.

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But wait! There’s a better way…

I went to the beach. Although there were too many jellyfish, I decided to stay. I had a good time because I met some friends.

Connectors make logical connections.

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Connectors of addition

• Additionally • Furthermore • In addition (to this) • Moreover • Similarly • Likewise • In the same way • Besides • Not only … but also

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For example… • I don’t like using the computer. I don’t type

quickly. Sometimes the computer crashes and I lose all my material. There are viruses and annoying advertisements. Connecting to the Internet is expensive.

• How can we add CONNECTORS here?

because Furthermore not only but also

Moreover,

Voila, you got it!!

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I don’t like using the computer because I don’t type quickly. Furthermore, sometimes the computer crashes and I lose all my material. There are not only viruses, but also annoying advertisements. Moreover, connecting to the Internet is expensive.

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Connectors of contrast

However Nevertheless Although / though / even though In spite of / despite In contrast to On the other hand Whereas / while On the contrary

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"However" isn't playing a role as a conjunction. It's not joining anything to anything else. It means “no matter how.” “However bad you think you’re going to do it” and “No matter how bad you think you’re going to do it” mean the same thing.

□ If you use “however” at the beginning of a sentence and don't insert a comma, however means “in whatever manner,” “to whatever extent,” or “no matter how.”

However

□ EXAMPLE: “However bad you think you’re going to do in the exam, not doing it is even worse.”

1. "However" Without a Comma = Modifier

2. "However" with a Comma = Connector □ EXAMPLE: “It is a great deal easier to go down hill than up. However, they kept on, with tenacious perseverance,”

“However" is acting as a connector. It’s providing a transition from the previous sentence to the next sentence.

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• I don’t like to use computers, however I have to use them for English class.

Correct:

I don’t like to use computers, however, I have to use them for my English classes.

Don’t forget the comma before and after “however” when you use it in the middle of the sentence!!

Even better:

I don’t like to use computers. However, I have to use them for my English classes.

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Wrong!!

Don’t forget the comma

after “however”

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Although / even though mean: Despite / in spite of mean:

• Wrong: Although that I hate computers, my teacher makes me use them.

• Right: Although I hate computers, my teacher makes

me use them. • Wrong: Despite that the weather was cold, we went to

the beach. • Right: Despite the cold weather, we went to the beach.

Don’t use a complete sentence here Use only a noun phrase

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Connectors of cause

• Therefore • Consequently • As a result (of) • Thus • For this reason • Because • Because of • In order to • So that

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As a result of the raining, the ground should

be wet. For this reason I don’t understand why there ist just

a shadow!!??

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Connectors of order • First / In the first place • Second / secondly • Third etc. • Next • Afterwards / After that • Eventually • Finally • Before that /

beforehand

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To show sequence or numerical order

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Other connectors

• Fortunately / unfortunately

• Luckily • Obviously • For example • For instance • Such as

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Summary

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Practice exercises

(1) _____________ her salary was so high, she changed her car every other year. (a) Because of (b) Since (c) As (2) She didn't put on her sweater after the race,_______________she got a cold (a) because (b) and that's why (c) and that's the reason why (3) _____________to an increase in temperature, all the crop was lost. (a) Due (b) Since (c) Owing (4) James couldn't join the army_________________his illness. (a) because (b) because of (c) as (5) Rains have been heavy this winter, __________________the great amount of water everywhere. (a) knowing (b) fully aware (c) and that accounts for (6) ________________of their weaknesses, they opted for negotiation. (a) Realising (b) Since (c) Fully aware

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Answers FCE

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1. (c) As 2. (b) and that's why 3. (a) Due 4. (b) because of 5. (c) and that accounts for 6. (c) Fully aware

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Some Practice!

If you work on a regular basis every day, you will become an expert!!

Rewrite the following text using at least five connectors: Peter and Mary’s “dream holidays” didn’t go off as planned at all. Their flight was delayed unexpectedly. They had to wait for six hours at the airport. During the flight, there was a lot of turbulence and Mary got sick. When they landed, they found that the rental car agency didn’t have a car ready for them. They were able to rent a car from another company. The weather was rainy and cold in New York. They had to spend more money than they’d planned because everything was so expensive. They were very disappointed. There were many enjoyable moments.

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Now, compare your text with a classmate. Is it the same? Discuss!!

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Possible answers Peter and Mary’s “dream holidays” didn’t go off as planned at all. First of all, their flight was delayed unexpectedly. They had to wait for six hours at the airport. Moreover, during the flight, there was a lot of turbulence and Mary got sick. When they finally landed, they found that the rental car agency didn’t have a car ready for them. Fortunately, they were able to rent a car from another company. On the other hand, the weather was rainy and cold in New York. They had to spend more money than they’d planned because everything was so expensive. They were very disappointed. However, there were many enjoyable moments.

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• Write a paragraph explaining a recent decision you’ve made, and the reasons behind it.

• Use at least four connectors.

HOMEWORK

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Followed by Followed by

Followed by Followed by Followed by

Followed by

Followed by

Followed by Followed by Followed by

The sub. comes first

The sub. comes after

The sub. comes first

The sub. comes after

The sub. comes after

The sub. comes after

The sub. comes first

The sub. comes first

yes yes

yes

yes yes yes comma

comma

comma comma

comma

comma comma comma comma

with with

with

Followed by Followed by

Followed by

Followed by Followed by Followed by Followed by

Followed by Followed by

Followed by

comma

comma comma comma

comma comma

comma comma yes yes

yes

The sub. comes first

The sub. comes first

The sub. comes first

The sub. comes after

The sub. comes after

The sub. comes after

sentence

sentence sentence sentence

sentence

sentence sentence sentence

sentence sentence sentence

negative

with with with with

End

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FCE by Matifmarin Grammar content of unit 8

1. The future

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FCE by Matifmarin Grammar content of unit 8

REVISION

The future using will or shall

Will

'Will' does not change its form.

I, you, he, she, it, we, they will 'Will' is often shortened to ...'ll.

I, you, he, she, it, we, they will not / won't

The negative of 'will' is 'will not' - often shortened to won't

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□ Real Madrid will probably win the league again this year □ ‘Where’s Sandra?’ – ‘I expect she’ll be here soon.’

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Grammar content of unit 8

Predictions and expectations: will + infinitive without to

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Grammar content of unit 8 Alternatives to will: may, could, might, well be.

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Grammar content of unit 8

may / might / could + Infinitive without to Possibility of something happening in the future

□ We may / might / could see flying cars in the future. □ We may not / might not have time to finish all the contents of the Coursebook.

Will is also used to talk about: ● decisions made at the moment of speaking, including offers and requests:

□ I’ll babysit for you if you want to go out.

□ The phone’s ringing. Will you answer it?

●future facts; events which the speaker knows or believe are certain to happen:

□ Spring will be here soon.

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Grammar content of unit 8 Remember that Modal verbs can also be used to express possible intentions:

□ I may / might go walking on the beach tomorrow

Different forms of expressing the future: (1)will, (2) going to + infinitive, (2) present continuous, (3)present simple, (3) future continuous, (4) future perfect simple, (5) future perfect continuous, (6) be about to + Infinitive, (7) be on the point of + gerund.

□ Going to The future ‘GOING TO’

is formed using:

Subject + to be + going to + inf.

□ We use 'going to' when we intend or plan to do something some time in the future. For example: - I'm going to study English literature. NOTE! We don't usually say "going to go to a place or event", instead you can drop the ‘go to’ and just say "going to + a place or event". Example: - I'm going to England. - I'm going to the concert.

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Grammar content of unit 8

‘going to’ is used to talk about:

● predictions based on present evidence □ Look at those clouds –it’s going to rain soon. ● Intentions or plans □ I’m going to stay at home tonight and read a good book.

Statements with ‘going to’: Positive: He's going to work next week. Negative: He isn't going to work next week.

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Grammar content of unit 8

- By the end of this class you’ll have studied English for 63 hours.

Examples for: (2) present continuous, (3)present simple, (3) future continuous, (4) future perfect simple

-Sara and Andrew are getting married on 21st June.

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Grammar content of unit 8

- By the 23rd of May you’ll have been studying English here for exactly 8 months.

-Can I phone you back? I’m just about to have a shower. -The politicians say they are on the point of finding a solution to the crisis.

Examples for: (5) future perfect continuous(6) be about to + Infinitive, (7) be on the point of + gerund.

be about to + infinitive / be on the point of + gerund

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FCE by Matifmarin Grammar content of unit 8

Sometimes you can use 'will' as a threat.

Don't move or I'll shoot!

In British English 'Shall' is often used instead of will in the first person (I/we).

I / We will = I / We shall

I shall be at work on time. = I will be at work on time.

We shall win the competition. = We will win the competition.

They shall not pass! = They shan't pass!

□ 'Shall' is also often used in the first person (I/we) in questions when asking for permission, making suggestions, making an offer or asking for advice. - Shall I do that?

- Shall we go home?

The negative of ‘shall’ is ‘shall not’ or shortened to ‘shan’t’

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Shall

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Grammar content of unit 8 EXERCISES

(1) Use the verbs in brackets in the correct future tenses. Use will-future, going to-future, Simple Present or Present Progressive. 1. The train .................at 11:45. (to leave) 2. We ................. dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday. (to have) 3. It .................. in the mountains tomorrow evening. (to snow) 4. On Sunday .................. at 8 o'clock I my friend. (to meet) 5. They .................... to London on Friday evening. (to fly) 6. Wait! I .................. you to the station. (to drive) 7. The English lesson ................... at 8:45. (to start) 8. I ................... my sister in April. (to see) 9. Look at the clouds – it ................... in a few minutes. (to rain) 10. Listen! There's someone at the door. I .................. the door for you. (to open)

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FCE by Matifmarin Grammar content of unit 8

EXERCISES

ANSWER: 1. The train leaves at 11:45. 2. We are going to have dinner at a nice restaurant on Saturday. 3. It will snow in the mountains tomorrow evening. 4. On Sunday at 8 o'clock I am meeting my friend. 5. They are flying to London on Friday evening. 6. Wait! I will drive you to the station. 7. The English lesson starts at 8 o’clock. 8. I am going to see my sister in April. 9. Look at the clouds - it is going to rain in a few minutes. 10. Listen! There's someone at the door. I will open the door for you.

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