Useful Compounds From Minerals And Metals

Prepared by:LOYOLEANS,Jamshedpur,Jharkhand,INDIA>>>

Cement Cement is manufactured through a closely

controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminium, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore

Finally, in 1824, an Englishman named Joseph Aspdin invented Portland cement by burning finely ground chalk and clay in a kiln until the carbon dioxide was removed. It was named “Portland” cement because it resembled the high-quality building stones found in Portland, England

Cement

•Kaolin, a white clay that contains little iron oxide, is used as the argillaceous component for white Portland cement. Industrial wastes, such as fly ash and calcium carbonate from chemical manufacture, are other possible raw materials, but their use is small compared with that of the natural materials

• A cement plant consumes 3 to 6 GJ of fuel per tonne of clinker produced, depending on the raw materials and the process used. Most cement kilns today use coal and petroleum coke as primary fuels, and to a lesser extent natural gas and fuel oil.

Glass• Glass is a combination of sand and other minerals that are melted

together at very high temperatures to form a material that is ideal for a wide range of uses from packaging and construction to fibre optics. A form of glass occurs naturally within the mouth of a volcano when the intense heat of an eruption melts sand to form Obsidian, a hard black glassy type of stone. Man first used this as tips for spears. Today man has mastered the glass-making process and can make many different types of glass in infinitely varied colours formed into a wide range of products. Glass, chemically, is actually more like a liquid, but at room temperature it is so viscous or sticky it looks and feels like a solid. At higher temperatures glass gradually becomes softer and more like a liquid. It is this latter property, which allows glass to be poured, blown, pressed and moulded into such a variety of shapes.

• Glass is made by melting together several minerals at very high temperatures. Silica in the form of sand is the main ingredient and this is combined with soda ash and limestone and melted in a furnace at temperatures of 1700°C. 

Glass

• Glasses may be devised to meet almost any imaginable requirement - there are many different types of glass with different chemical and physical properties and each can be made by a suitable adjustment to chemical compositions. For many specialised applications in chemistry, pharmacy, the electrical and electronics industries, optics, the construction and lighting industries, glass, or the comparatively new family of materials known as glass ceramics, may be the only practical material for the engineer to use.

• Glass is 100% recyclable and can be recycled an infinite number of times without quality, strength and/or functionality degradation.

Plastics• Plastic is a material consisting of any of a wide range

of synthetic or semi-synthetic organics that are malleable and can be moulded into solid objects of diverse shapes.

• Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships. They have already displaced many traditional materials, such as wood, stone, horn and bone, leather, paper, meta, glass, and ceramic, in most of their former uses. In developed countries, about a third of plastic is used in packaging and another third in buildings such as piping used in plumbing or vinyl siding.

• The world's first fully synthetic plastic was bakelite, invented in New York in 1907 by Leo Baekeland,  who coined the term 'plastics'

Soaps and Detergents• The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like

materials dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon. A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali, and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC.

• A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute solutions.

• Soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Consumers mainly use soaps as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of lubricants.

Soaps and Detergents

Paints• Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after

application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, colour, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colours—and in many different types, such as watercolour, synthetic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.

• Paint is used to protect all sorts of buildings and structures from the effects of water and sun. Wooden buildings such as houses are usually painted because a coat of paint prevents water seeping into the wood and making it rot.

Paints

• Paintings are pictures that are done in paint. Many different types of paint are used for paintings. They include tempera, oil paint, gouache, watercolours and acrylic paints. The paintings are usually done on board, canvas or papermaking it rot.

• Paint is used to decorate all sorts of objects. Since pre-historic times, people have painted the inside walls of their houses to make them look attractive. All sorts of other objects are painted to make them attractive. This includes furniture, toys, tools and utensils, and street fittings. Sometimes things made of wood such as furniture are painted in decorative patterns.

Medicines• Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment,

and prevention of disease. The word medicine is derived from Latin medicus, meaning "a physician". Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.

• A pharmaceutical drug (medicine or medication and officially medicinal product) is a drug used in health care. Such drugs aid the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease.

Medicine