- 1. Visual Vocab Unit 3
- ByAndrew Shaw AP Bio II 5 th
2. Amphipathic
- Pertains to a molecule containing both polar (water-soluble)
and nonpolar (not water-soluble) portions in its structure.
shows the amphipathic nature of the bound glycopeptides. 3.
Aquaporins
- Aquaporins are proteins embedded in the cell membrane that
regulate the flow of water
The 3D structure of aquaporin highlighting the
'hourglass'-shaped water channel that cuts through the center of
the protein. 4. Concentration Gradient
- a gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution
as a function of distance through a solution.
The concentration of BCD protein appears to direct the A-P cell
fates, and is responsible for the cascade leading to the
differentiation of head, thorax and abdomen segments. Which is the
concentration gradient. 5. Contractile Vacuole
- a specialized vacuole of eukaryote cells, especially protozoa,
that fills with water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this
externally by the opening of a permanent narrow neck.
6. Cotransport
- The linked, simultaneous transport one substance across a
membrane, coupled with the simultaneous transport of another
substance across the same membrane in the same direction.
A well-studied example of symport is the cotransport of glucose
and sodium into the small intestinal absorptive epithelial cell. 7.
Diffusion
- The net movement of a substance from a region where it has a
higher concentration to a region where it has a lower
concentration, due to random molecular motion
Yellow food coloring diffusing through water 8. Electrochemical
Gradient
- The diffusion gradient of an ion, representing a type of
potential energy that accounts for both the concentration
difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move
relative to the membrane potential.
The P-type plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase is found in fungi and
plants and is the physiological equivalent of the animal
Na+,K+-ATPase by being responsible for generating the essential
electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. 9.
Hypertonic
- higher solute concentration compared with another
- In hypertonic environments the cell membrane of plant cells
pulls away from th wall in plasmolysis
10. Hypotonic
- a solution with a comparatively lower concentration of solutes
compared to another
For a plant in a hypotonic environment, the inflow of water
results in turgor pressure against the cell wall, and the cells
become turgid, contributing to rigidity and support. 11. Integral
Protein
- An integral membrane protein is a protein molecule that is
permanently attached to the biological membrane.
Lactose permease (LacY) is an integral membrane protein 12.
Isotonic
- a solution that has the same tonicity as some other solution
with which it is compared.
In isotonic environments plants become flaccid 13. Ligands
- a signal triggering molecule, binding to a site on a target
protein.
Myoglobin (blue) with its ligand heme (orange) bound. 14.
Membrane Potential
- the difference in voltage (also called electrical potential)
between the interior and exterior of a cell (Vinterior
Vexterior).
15. Osmoregulation
- The process of regulating water potential in order to keep
fluid and electrolyte balance within a cell or organism relative to
the surrounding.
Marine Reptiles maintain osmotic homeostasis by excreting a
hyperosmotic, sodium chloride-rich fluid from their bodies in the
surrounding waters. 16. Osmosis
- Tendency of water to flow from a hypotonic solution (low
concentration of dissolved substances) to hypertonic solution
(higher concentration of dissolved substances) across a
semipermeable membrane
This is a shot from a three dimensional computer simulation of
the process of osmosis. The blue mesh is impermeable to the larger
balls, whereas all of the balls are (in the animated version)
bouncing about according to the rules of physical simulation of the
kinetics of an ideal gas. 17. Passive Transport
- moving biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances
across membranes. Unlike active transport, this process does not
involve chemical energy
In cells the membrane through which the molecules pass is the
cell membrane 18. Peripheral Protein
- proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological
membrane with which they are associated
Examples of peripheral membrane proteins are proteins involved
in electron transport chains, such as cytochrome c, cupredoxins,
high potential iron protein, adrenodoxin reductase, some
flavoproteins, and others. 19. Phagocytosis
- the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell
membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes and
protists.
Electron Micrograph of a Macrophage Phagocytosis of E. coli 20.
Pinocytosis
- a form of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into
the cell - forming an invagination, and then suspended within small
vesicles that subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze, or to
break down, the particles
An amoeba showing pinocytosis 21. Plasmolysis
- The shrinking of protoplasm away from the cell wall of a plant
or bacterium due to water loss from osmosis, thereby resulting in
gaps between the cell wall and cell membrane.
22. Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
- is a process by which cells internalize molecules (endocytosis)
by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing
proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being
internalized.
23. Transport Protein
- is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small
molecules, or macromolecules, such as another protein across a
biological membrane.
3-D image of sodium glucose transporter protein