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Town plan – Ostia
Forum baths 193-225 AD
Ostia – Capitolium120 AD
Ostia – Forum 117 – 138 AD
Piazazale delle corporazioni First century AD
Wall around – built 80 BC
GREEN INDICATES ORGINAL
Decumanus maximus
Via della foce
Decumanus Maximus
Cardo Maximus
Ostia town plan notes• Originally roman military base (87BC civil war)• Key to defense and trading ability• Became main harbor – originally not because didn’t offer
natural protection to ships• Went on developing into 3rd century BC• Mouth of the Tiber• 30 miles west of Rome• Two-way phase development during early years BC• Ostia spread south and west from small rectangular shape• Surrounded by defensive walls w/ 3 city gates• Eastern development following population increase• Width of street varies (private property etc)• Porticoes flanking the streets – identical facing porticos =
beautiful!!• Small rectangular settlement around forum spilt exactly by
main N-S and W-E road• Initial period of growth – involved spreading streets west and
south irregularly• 80 BC walls built enclosing extended town• Trajans harbour = commerical opportunities• Forum sidelined by the growing infulence of the new square
of corportations in the new city
Water supply!Originally drew from wells and rivers Aqueduct – first half of 1st century ADSystem of storage tanks w/ pipes to street fountains and wealthy housesMore modern system than PompeiiReceived aqueduct after Pompeii
Forum at OstiaCapitolium dominates the northern117-138 AD
Square surrounded by 4 major buildings – Capitolium (N) temple of Rome and Augustus (S), curia (NW)and basilica (SE)
Decumanus Maximus continues through the square
Pedestrians could only enter from north and south
Square covered in concrete
W + E sides have hadrianic porticoes
W/ granite columns and marble pavement
Alter of Concordia (somewhere)
Capitolium – Ostia
Northern end of the forumPositioned on the area previously occupied by the hole, the intersection of the cardo and decumanus maximus
Largest temple in Ostia
Overlooked the forum
High podium (imitation of temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline hill in Rome)
Prostyle hexastyle (columns at the front)
35m long
15.5m wide 20m high
Under the podium – 3 rooms accessible from the rear (seat of treasury citizen)
Rectangular plan – brickwork (unlike other Capitola)
Statues of 3 deities in 3 niches at bottom
Cell covered by slabs of white and colorful marble
Entrance portal of cell – bronze door (similar to Pantheon)
Cella traces of african marble
Marble freize and cornice remain
Usual alter to the front (african marble)
Honor the triadFreestanding hexastyle with flued white marble columns
Ostia – Forum baths
• 3200 square meters• Third quarter of second century• 193 – 225 AD• Marble three meters high; plaster
above• Black and white geometric floor• Cold rooms northern – cross vaults• South – warm rooms; 17-19 had
barrel vaults• South designed in a way it would
receive light in the afternoon from west – huge windows, one room dedicated to sunbathing (room 15)
• 2 entrances – 2 and 14• Frigidarium (6) cold bat – large
marble columns – 15m high; niches in the back and side walls, holes and imprints of lead pipes show there was a jet of water below each niche
• Room 19 – 3 basins – hairpins found – proving existence of women's baths (like Pompeii’s Stabian baths)
• Along east side runs corridor – wheels with a diameters of 10 meters – slaves lifted water collected in cistern
• Early fourth century different kinds of marble and granite columns added
• South-west part of the palaestra ½ small temples• Southwest of the shrines is a large latrine w/ 20
seats
Ostia – theatre – Piazzale delle Corporazioni
• Built 1st century AD when city growth justified
• City rose in status in the Augustan era as port of Rome – propaganda under Augustus
• Integral in new town center; not separated out to impress but dual-purpose allowing access to shops
• 4,000 capacity – despite larger population than Pompeii
• No great attempts to impress w/ size
• Statement reflecting values of Augustan ara
• Increased capacity 4k to 6k suggests growing influence and status symbol rather than mass entertainment
• Bst materials• Exterior functional – arches
allowed shops
• Blended in with square• Designed w/ new opportunities created by
concrete• Full use of marble to adorn basic tufa• Arcades contained shops – fundamentally linked
w/ buildings around it• 2 easy ground floor access points plus steps to
higher level after rebuilding ensured safety
Pompeii Town Plan
Pompeii Forum – 2nd century BC
Pompeii large theatre – rebuilt 80 BC
Small theatre – 80 BC Amphitheatre – 80 BC
Stabian baths – 4th BC
POMPEII
Pompeii town plan notes Water supply!Source – Starno river – wells helped until demand outstripped supplyNo aqueducts in early days, Sulla’s Romanization of 80 BC = aqueducts provided from Avella1st century AD Augustus added new aqueduct – Serino which replaced orginal and served wider area = droop in amount of water received by PompeiiSystems of storage tanks w/ pipes to street fountains and the wealthy houses – water supply earlier than Ostia.Public baths – distribution tanks; effect on demand of water Stabian baths dependent on wells/ran water; Early hypocaust system, eventually gender suitesPROBLEMS DEALT W/ - primitive drainage system pre-roman – sewage removal left running down streets
• Greek settlement – greek influence• Colony in 80 BC – soldiers home etc• Mix of orderly and less orderly planning• Greek background meant roman grid-plan came after
period of less organized growth• Development cut off 79 BC – VOLCANO• STREET PLANS: 2 way phase development during early
years, spread North east from Greek settlement• Surrounded by defensive walls w/ 7 gates• Population growth = growth to the east• Final stage encompassed area of main north south
street; developed on regular roman grid plan to this road
• By 3rd century BC the town was at its final size• Commercial – based around forum, rendered off by
eastward developments, houses key political and religious buildings. Baths + theatres eastward
• Political – forum; cura• Population growth – domus expansions – 80 BC
gradual growth, destruction of 79 AD froze• Leisure – standard facilities, 2 theatres from early,
improvements included large Amphitheatre
Forum - Pompeii Forum
Temple of Jupiter – Northern – closes forum off from the North.Dominated
Narrow – 142m x 38m Open piazza with 2-storey portico around West, South and East Sides
Open central areaFilled with statues, platforms and notice boards
Gathering spaceForum baths just behind
Laid out 2nd century BC
Three civil offices – Thought to be comitia, curia and junior magistrates offices
Covered market
South west corner of the city
Central when builtLater Roman development to the North and East left the forum in the original (irregularly planned) south west corner of the city
Temple of Jupiter – Pompeii
37m x 17m 3m high
Tetrastyle pronaos 4 x 7 fluted columns
Triumphant arches (Nero and Tiberus)
Triple cella contains 3 deities (room in the middle)
Black wall veneered in marble.
Double flight of steps
Hexastyle design BUT
Corinthian columns
Temple of Apollo – Pompeii
Iconic column w/ sundial
White marble on travertine base.
Own precinct of 48 columns.
Single cella Fronted with 6 Corinthian columns
Doric architrave
Metopes and triglyphs originallyLater replaced w/ frieze w/ griffins and foliage
Colonnade of tufa
Statues of Apollo and Diana in forecourt
Dark interior
Surrounded on all sides by local tufa columns
Towns weights and measures sorted nearby but no direct link
Pompeii – Stabian Baths
Pompeii – Stabian Baths
• Original source of water – deep well on site• Well positioned – east of forum but central at
junction of main NS and WE roads• Available in basic form from 4th BC, enhanced late 2nd
century, and again 80BC w/ aqueduct • Central palaestra – exercise• Portico on 3 sides w/ tufa columns (later decorated
w/ stucco)• Mens east, womens north, supporting facilities like
latrines etc• MENS BATHS - Apodyterium linked to peidarium
(warm room) to allow acclimatisatio; caladarium (hot room) next to furnase was a large apsed hall w/ tank for bathing and fountain to cleanse hands; flavian period stucco decoration on walls and vaulting; barrel-vaulted cielings; frigidarium (cold room) accessed directly from changing room had concrete dome
• Natation (pool) added late 1st century AD• WOMENS – smaller and limited, remained same until
79 AD
Pompeii Large theatre and gladiatorial barracks
• Provided in 80 BC – population increased because it was made a colony
• Pre-roman (first half of 2nd century) but rebuilt in 80 BC• Unimposing position by the original Greek forum • Built into hillside• Capacity 3k – roman rebuilding added 2k = 5k• Functional rather than a political statement• Provision of new access at the top• Removal of the gathering piazza outside to provide
gladiator barracks in support of the new Amphitheatre• All deliberate to emphasize new roman city• Local stone used w/ little decoration• Enlargement of 80 BC = marble to impress (paid by
local merchants)• Safety provided by adding top tier access from old
forum to access lower tiers (from either side of orchestra w/ five rows of stairs)
• Cover against weather provided by awning on temporary basis as needed
• Safe given small capacity
Pompeii Small theatre• Provided 80 BC• Local chiefs sponsored – Valgus and Porcius paying
for this and Amphitheatre • Capacity of 1k• Attractive but hidden behind large theatre• Hard to see from outside• Impressive by its existence – magistrates seeking to
influence rich minority • All-over roof extravagant – acoustic reasons?• Aimed at small minority – exclusive• Permanent roof made of wood – improve quality of
sound• Personal performances such as concerts, recitals and
mimes
Pompeii Amphitheatre • 80 BC samnite influence seen off by Sulla; new
rulers wanted to put stamp on city• 2 magistrates paid for construction• Eastern part – well away from original town
center• Providing games = support• 20,000 capacity by 79 AD• Eastern side of city – new focus among the
buildings of new roman town which grew around it
• Basic materials • No attempt to face w/ marble concrete• Faced w/ opus incetum instead – giving strength• Later techniques of support; vaulted passages or
subterranean cells• Buttresses used and building onto city walls gave
further strength• Basic frame of arches but blind offering no access
to interior• Steps of exterior steps narrow
• 2 small tunnels led to small circulation area and railed off rows for elite
• Cramped for everyone• Set into ground – no dominance
from height• Use of local stone and
embellished appearance more function
• First arena made of masonry – impressed
• Arches w/ outside staircases gave impression of style!!!
WATER SUPPLY BASICSROMAN WATER SUPPLY
Rome water supply• River tiber water supply – fine for
original town but couldn’t cope w/ increasing demand
• Aqueducts and associated water channels
• Aqua Appia 392 BC• Three more built before 100 BC –
three shorter ones followed during Augustan era; finally there was 11 total over 500 miles
• Public baths: supplied from distribution tanks direct from own aqueduct
• Aqua Marcia in the case of the baths of Caracalla
• Caracalla had major impact on the demand for water – 1600 bathers a minute!!!!
How the problems were dealt with…CLOACAO MAXIMA – SEWAGE SYSTEM!!!!!
• Water supply wasn’t originally top priority in any city
• Rome had population over over 1 million by 1st century AD
• All cities had availability of some natural water sources (wells and rivers)
• Aimed to provide drinking water; settling chambers and reception reservoirs used to offload from aqueducts in both cities
• Water pumped into distribution tanks, often ornate in appearance, from here pipes led to public fountains to supply the poor
• Rain collected in impluvia supplemented individual houses
PROBLEMS• Leakage, conflict between practical and
aesthetic issues at city approaches, difficulties in maintaining underground channels
Roman introduction to theatres….
• Had to make do w/ temporary wooden theatres which were inadequate after great population growth of 1st century BC
• One great theatre and one amplitheatre allowed population enjoy TOP entertainment for the first time
• Early theatres – small and temporary• Only major venue was theatre of Pompey 61 BC • Increase in population = demanded bigger central theatre• Caesar’s rivalry = theatre of Marcellus
13 BC
THE COLLOSEUM
70 – 80 AD
THEATRES – THEATRE OF MARCELLUS• WHY: Triumph for Augustus • Commissioning: started 11 BC as part of Augustus’ renewal of Rome• Position: Between capitol hill and river Tiber• Size: 20k capacity, three-tired freestanding structure in prime position• Built same time as Ostia theatre• Materials: exterior design allowed easy access and facilities provided for audience; full
attention to appearance – free-standing and central, elaborate substructures providing good support w/ reticulate-faced concrete and concrete barrel-vaults; forming outer corridor and acted as buttresses; all faced w/ marble.
• Comfort/safety: free-standing nature allowed large number of arched entrances to ease access and ensure social segregation
• Open air theatre• Built in closing years of Roman Republic• Watch performances of drama and song• Named after Marcus Marcellus – Augustus’ nephew who died 5
years prior• Space for theatre cleared by Caesar – murdered prior• 111m in diameter• Mainly built of tuff, and concrete faced w/ stones in a pattern
known as opus reticulatum, completely sheathed in white travertine.
• Network of arches, corridors, tunnels and ramps gave access to interiors – engaged columns in greek orders – doric at base, ionic in middle and corinthian upper level
THEATRES – COLLOSEUM
ROME - COLOSSEUM
• WHY? To secure Flavians dynasty• 70 AD – Vespasian proposed biggest and grandest amphitheater – son Titus saw it
important to finish.• 80 AD – Built – Titus – travertine, tufa, concrete, brick, marble, gravel, wood and sand.
Oval shape.• Built after theatre of Marcellus – population increase• Capacity – 80k – reflecting needs of city w/ population of 1 million• Fine central site dominating forum• 188 x 156 metres• 48 metres high• Exterior design enabled easy access and provide facilities for audience• Supported by huge elliptical ring of concrete topped w/ blocks of travertine – supporting
piers rise from here; outer walls built to impress • Four storeys – greek column order (doric – ionic – corinthian – top floor)• 80 arches flanked by engaged columns on each of lower floors – marble faced w/ statues
in doorway• Accessed via large number of arched entrances on lower floor• Wide circulation passages within led to lower seats and wide staircases to higher levels• Top level – reserved for poor – wooden• Best seats bottom – separate access • Awning kept the direct sun of spectators• Replaced Nero’s private garden w/ attractive public recreational facility
Forum of Augustus - Rome
Built 25-22 BCNorth to main forumSimilar to forum of Pompeii – basic layoutEntry from SW – view of templeColonnades down two longer sidesCross-axis formed by pair of semi-circular recesses emphasized symmetrical shapeMarble everywhereHuge rear wall – exclusivity Land originally owned by Augustus himself – initial plans called for more space than he had = alterations Asymmetry apparentEastern corner of precinct – couldn’t take houses – “good deed” or money saverBuilt of ashlar blocks of peperino tufa with carrara marbleColonades made of africano and pavonazzetta – from all over empireEnclosing walls – local roman stone
Built to house temple and other legal proceedings as roman forum was crowded
Filled with rich tapestry of statues – Augustus in military outfit in the center, and mars and Venus in the temple. 108 portrait states total.
Temple of Mars the Avenger - ROME 2BC
High podium – more roman style by AugustusPropaganda at home
Fully integrated into the design of forum of augustus
Steep steps to approachAsymmetry apparent – houses in east corner
Square plan
Frontal focus
Long cellaLeading to statues of Mars and Venus
Senate met hereYoung men accepted their toga virillis
First roman temple made entirely of marble
Abutting on to tufa back wall of forum that had to be incorpated
Pediment and decoration lost
8 solid white marble Corinthian columns on sides backing to precint wall
Rome Pantheon27 BC Renovated at the same time as
the temple of trajan
Formal gateway
Forecourt – 44m x 60m wide
Size spoke for itself – no podium neededTraditional frontage of 8 unfluted corinthian pillars (14m)Two more at each sidePronaos of 3 vaulted corridors divided by further 8 red inner columnsInterior surprise! RotundaRotunda consisted of circular drum topped by hemispherical domeOculus for lightSign of roman technological progress + confidence Temple for ALL gods
Granite columns in forecourt
Outer structure was tufa faced w/ white marble
Interior marble and granite
Coffered ceiling of light pumice lined with lead sheets
43m concrete domeLower section of dome was actually core structure
Weight distribution – 8 giant pillars
Bronze eagle in wreath
Inscription naming M.Agrippa builder
Front suggested rectangular structure
Gilded tiles from rotunda visible from above
PantheonInterior a surprise
Oculus for light
Floor of marble and granite slabs
Screens of pilasters
Columns in various marbles from all over the empire
Oculus at dome’s apex for light and to cool and ventilate
Rome – Portunis Dediicated to God Portunus
Ionic order
Located in Forum Boardium by the Tiber
Tetrastyle portico and cella
High podium – flight of steps
Like Maison Carree; pronaos portico of 4 ionic columns across and 2 columns deep
Columns of portico – free-standing
5 columns on long sides and 4 columns at rear are engaged along the walls of the cella
Built of tuff and travertine with a stucco surface
Frieze decorated with garlands
First century BC
Converted to Christian church in the 9th century
38 m high
106 – 113 AD
North west of main forum
Main square – flanked by 2 porticoes (112m long)
Marble paving in square
Market nearby – not part of it
Designed to surpass forum of Augustus
Basilica w/ civil buildings 2 storeyed buildingEntrance screened by 10 columns
Huge project to dig out Quirinal Hill to build
On the via dei fori imperiali
Opposite end to Colosseum
Cobbled w/ rectangular blocks of white marble
Built from stoa-lined piazza 200mx120m
Exedrae on each side
Forum and Market of Trajan
Temple of Trajan
125 AD
Placed by Trajan’s adoptive son Hadrian
Dedicated to Trajan and wife
Known from coin
Building surrounded by a portico situated on edge of Trajan’s forum
Octastyle building
Huge podium
Flanked w/ distyle colonnades which curved behind cella
On the site of Palazzo Valentini and that it used stone from the temple in its construction
Only survivals from temple are a dedicatory inscription and 1 granite column (2m diameter) with white marble capital
Temple of Vesta
Located in the Roman forum near the Regia and house of the vestal virgins
Greek architecture w/ Corinthian columns
Marble
Central Cella
20 Corinthian columns built on a podium 15m in diameter
Roof had vent at the apex to allow smoke release
Eastern entrance to symbolize connection between Vesta’s fire and sun as sources of life
Cult activity as far back as 7th century BCE
Built by Pompollius w/ Regia and house of Vestal Virgins
Temple stood in Sacred Grave - graveyard
One of the earliest structures in the Roman Forum
Instead of cult statue in the cella there was a hearth which held the sacred flame
Storehouse for legal wills and documents of Roman senators + cult objects (e.g. palladium)
Romans believed the sacred flame’s extinction as a portent of disaster
Burnt down twice (not because of hazards flame though) – 64 great fire of Rome
BATHS OF CARACALLA
BATHS OF CARACALLA
• Built 211-216 AD by Caracalla as statement of imperial power to cement position to the people
• Population growth led to hygiene problems
• 100,000 square metres; main hall w/ 4 different entrnaces, cross vaulted in 3 bays w/ huge piers to support
• 225 x 185 x 35 meters high • Central imposing block with natation,
frigidarium and circular caldarium aligned on central axis
• Elegant balance of added structured 235 AD
• 9,000 workmen 5 years• Flattening existing buildings, removal
of 150,000cm of earth; provision of earth, stone and mortar for foundations
• Creation of substructures• 280,000cm of tufa and mortar and
15 million pieces of brick
• Cranes to raise walls and vaults of concrete
• 815,000 whole bricks• Creation of orante columns not struturally
necessary – architectural statement• Baths made of granite, basalt and
alabaster
8.2 million litre capacity OMG
BATHS OF CARACALLA EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL DECORATION
• New street created parallel to via appai = full effect of baths
• Use of marble and granite (252 full column shafts)• Décor in main rooms – mix of statues, exotic marble
facing and mosaic work• Interior of bathsfocal point of style but exterior not
neglected
EXTERIOR• Multi-tiered ranks of columns and niches recall
theatre frontages• Spiritually uplifting
Facilities provided• Baths – giant frigidarium at center (3 cross vaults,
bays in each corner w/ plunge baths – decorated w/ 2 columns)
• Circular caldarium = unique• Palaestra in east wing open to the sky with portico of
Corinthian columns on 3 sides• Libraries, shops, gardens etc• Fresh air and open spaces
Cosa – Capitolium 2nd BC
Good site
Levelled ground but above city rather than in forum
Stone steps up to high podium (3.7m)
Surrounded by stone wall
Brick-built temple
4 widely spaced Tuscan columns fronted the porch
Back half was enclosed (allowed entrants light to dark effect)
Shallow ridge roof hung over entablature and porch as well as sides – weather protection
Brick but substructure and roof framework of WOOD
Triple cella at the back
Decorations of terracotta but only at the front
No freize all around
Deep porch with façade of tuscan columns projecting side walls at cella end of porch
Triple cella had statues of capitoline triad
Terracotta roof
Building had blank walls
Maison Carree – Nimes (square house)One of the best persevered temples
Completed 16 BC
Augustan formal style
Greek influence
Courtyard
2.85m podium
Lack of frontal emphasis
Pseudoperipteral appearance
Built by Agrippa (patron for pantheon) and dedicated/re-dedicated to sons Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar
Regular layout26m x 14m
Local limestone
Marble for pillars and facing
Hexastyle w/ corinthian columns
Six columns at front, 11 to side including half columns
Half columns continued round the back (20)
Architrave divided by rows of petrified water drips
Egg and dart decorations divides architrave from frieze which goes all around
Ornamental carvings of rosettes and acanthus leaves Masonry construction supported by columns
Deep portico (third length of temple)
Shallow ridge roof
Focus on exterior appearance but a move away from frontal focus
Rome – Basilica Nova
Largest building in the Roman Forum
Started in 308 – Maxentius
Finished 312 – Constatine after his defeat of Maxentius Building consists of central nave covered by 3 groin vaults suspended 39 meters above the floor on large piers
Ending at apse at western end containing statue of Constatine
Offices of the perfect citySited on Velia (low ridge connecting the esquiline and palatine hill)
Built with arches (all other B’s had ceilings supported by wooden beams)
Construction techniques borrowed from baths
Rectangular plan – 100mx65m
Divided into central nave, atrium on east side (orginal entrance was) and lateral isles
Each of the 2 side aisles made up of 3 interconnected coffered vaults (2.5m wide) connecting w/ central nave by 3 huge openings
Light provided w/ 3 windows in 5/6 lateral vaults + windows in the sides of the cross vaults over the central naveStatues of Gods in niches in walls
Floor in central + lateral spaces geometric pattern of squares and circles w/ multi-colored marble (like Pantheon)
Pompeii Houses Made of various types of local stone, covered w/ plaster + lavishly decorated (depending on finances). Houses built close together, up against street. Streets recessed, raised sidewalks, stepping stones available for crossing. Uncommon to have second stories; concrete floors. Floorplan varys according to profession. Common elements; entry would be a short corridor, leading to atrium. Atrium was central room; surrounded by small rooms (main feature impluvium – catching rainwater). Shops outside. Bright colors' for painting, and murals in houses.
Via Dell’Abbondanza
House of the VettiiHouse of the faun
House of Menader
House of Pansa
House of Sallust
House of the tragic poet
House of Loreius Tiburtinius
House of the faun
Evidence in eastern walls of tetrastyle atrium that after the earthquake of AD 62 repaired/rebuilt
Named for the bronze statue of the dancing faun on the lip of the impluvium (rainwater catcher)
3000 square meters – entire city block
5 major parts – tuscan atrium, tetrastyle atrium, service rooms and corridors, iconic peristyle and doric peristyle.
Had tabernae (storefront shops)
Iconic peristyle
Doric Peristyle
Entrance is decorated with latin message “HAVE”
2nd century BC - Samnite period (200- 80 BC)
Private bath system (balneum) –right ofentrance
Great position – north entrance to forum; one of main roads of the city; close to baths
‘Standard’ domus (standard atrium – tablinum – hortus axis)
Basic shape but built on bigger scale w/ atrium combined with peristyle (and 2 tablina)
Servants quarters dark and cramped – little furniture
House of Loreius Tiburtinus
Known for artwork and large gardens
Found on Via Dell’Abbondanza
Occupies entire insula w/ combination of residential area and garden
Included in the insula was two cauponae (inns)
Near both palaestra + amphitheatre, area closed off to cart traffic
Layout matches roman architecture
2 storefront shops
Impluvium
Atrium
Modest peristyle – tablinum (office) was
Several oeci off main atrium – receiving rooms w/ art displayed
Stone seating at the front – for visitors
Decorated with frescoed plasterwork
Canal – eastern end – biclinum (dining)
Temple-esque structure w/ corinthian columns
Pompeii – House of Menander
Southern half of the town
Northeast of the little and large theatres, and gladiators barracks
Almost as big as a whole city block
Original small house was atrium based 0 peristyle added later
Referred to house of menanders – well preserved fresco of menander in niche in the peristyle – bold yellow and red coloring (sign of wealth)
Large columns (tufa) in peristyle – representative of doric style of architecture (greek origins) Garden – grand peristyle with
stucooed doric columns –
Build in 3rd century BC
Flanked by masonry seating
Fauces – decorated in fourth style w/ large black panels above lower black frieze – pictures of animals and bird life
Atrium – central marble lined impluvium – rooms off all 4 sides
Richly decorated in fourth style
23 ionic columns support roof in peristyle
Small wall (plutenus) connects bases of columns to enclose garden
Pompeii – House of the tragic poet
Famous for elaborate mosaic floors + frescoes of greek mythology
Atrium – most decorated of rooms – rectangular impluvium
Western wall of atrium – cubicula (bedrooms)
Right of the peristyle –dining room and kitchen area
Left side of peristyle – small back door opens onto street
North-western corner of peristyle – lararium (shrine used in worship)
Vestibule floor – mosaic picture of dog – CAVE CANEM – warning – beware of dog
Rest of vestibule decorated in checker-like-pattern of black and white tiles – framed y border of stripes
Tablinum floor – mosaic image
Samnite period
Next to house of Pansa
Second story now lost
House of the Vettii
Located on back street – opposite bar
Built round 2 compluviums, centres open to the sky, a dim atrium which a vistor would pass, coming from dark vestibule that left the street
Peristyle of fluted doric columns surrounded all sides by a richly frescoed portico
Servants quarters to the side off atrium – arranged round small atrium of own
Main atrium – large and marble impluvium
Corridor from main atrium to second entrance has staircase – indicating upper storey
Focus on large peristyle + garden area w/ lavish statues
Two dining rooms Lack of frontal shop – no need for extra income
No entrance from main street – no need to be open to masses
Peristyle laid out for elaborate water display – basins and fountains – carved heads and marble sculptures
14 jets of water for statues
Herculaneum – House of the mosaic atrium
1st century BC
Sea front villa developed massively in 62 AD
Only has tablinum attached to the atrium w/ main living quarters at higher level on far side of huge peristyle garden
Huge peristyle dominated the house around It and acted as communicatio between the two halves
1200 square meters
Richly decorated rooms
Fauces decorated in fourth style
Fauces opens up into atrium - black and white mosaic floor
South side of atrium is a door that opens onto north portcio of large peristyle
columns which sustained the inner margins of portcio roof are of opus vittatum mixtum – alternating rows of brick and tufa blocks
Spaces between columns on N and S infilled w/ windows
Herculaneum – House of the stags
Ostia – House of Amor and PsycheSecond century AD (opus mixtum and latericum)
Shops to the west of the house - behind porticus
Main entrance in the south (A) – vestibule A Benches along north
and west wall – covered in marble
B – bench on south wall and geometric mosaic on floor
C – main room – reached along single marble tread, 2 storeys high. Fountain in corner w/ marble basin and other corner staircase. Floor opus sectile, lower part of wall covered in marble w/ upper in plaster
H - latrine
I - Tiny garden – viridarium – seperated from central room by marble and granite columns, supporting aches made of brick and travertine. No roof.
House in area that was regularly flooded – dyke of earth built
Not situated in South of Ostia, like many domus – perhaps the owner was a priest as there was a temple south of the house.
Ostia – Cassette-tipoEarly trajanic period
Ground floor – 4 apartments in 2 blocks surronded by streets
Only the streets to the north, east and between the two blocks paved w/ basalt blocks
In center of each set of apartments – exteral wooden staircase leading to further apartments
Medianum flanked by 2 representive rooms
Long side – 2 small rooms (bedrooms)
Opposite side – façade – pierced w/ windows
Each apartment had kitchen and latrine (L)
¾ of the apartments had door leading to medianum
Medianum of north-east apartment is only one facing north-west
South-east apartment had door leading to corridor next to latrine
Few remains of paintings + black and white mosaics
Ostia – Garden housesExample of rational planning + progress in residential architectureBrick stamps found from 123-125 AD
Oldest wall paintings and mosaics dated 130AD
Front is part of porticus of thick travertine columns
Luxurious residental complex w/ expensive apartments
Near ancient shore-line
Ground floor – 16 medianum-apartments, a domus, and shops
Apartments shielded from busy streets by open spaces + shops
Inner staircases leading to upper floor
Centre – pair of 2x4 apartments back-to-back
Apartments floor area – c.220 square meters, use of 2 apartments by 1 family was planned
Central apartments surrounded by unpaved court (garden) w/ 6 large water-basins
Central apartments 4 storeys high – upper floors supplied w/ water – rectangular recesses contained terracotta pipes for drainage and lead pipes for water supply
House of DianaAntonine period – 150 AD
Higher level than surrounding streets; Via dei balconi to the west and via di Diana to south
Along west and south façade is sidewalk
To the east is an alley
SE corner – travertine staircase
Insula
20m high and included stairway, shops and homes facing street
Central courtyard w/ arcades in center.
Ostia - Horrea Epagathiana
Store building
Above entrance – marble slab w/ words HORREA EPAGATHIANA ET EPAPHRODITIANA 145-150 AD
SW – rows of shops
N – remains of cult niche – aedicula-facade
Door decorated by brick columns w/ capitals, an architrave and pediment
Behind door – double vestibule
Lateral walls of second vestibule – 2 niches for statue of a deity
Doors and rooms and staircases – barred w/ wooden beams
Interior – square courtyard surrounded by porticus w/ brick piers
All four sides are rooms covered by cross-vaults
Remains of white plaster
Center of east side are 2 niches; flank the entrance to a deep room (maybe a office)
Floor of courtyard black-and-white mosaic w/ panther on west end – meant to be seen from entrance
Locking devices suggest valuable goods stored here