Mansour AhaidiUnit 01: Contextual Studies

Cinema has become art of science and magic of the films. In a brand new way’s with different technologies’ and equipments in present time for the people to use. The technologies involving, the value and the inspiration that reflect back on the magic that created different moments for the cinemas more than 100 years.

Cinemas across the world they want their audience to create an experience that is unique for the cinema. They provide different opportunities to gain customers relationship throughout different social media platform for example Facebook, instagram and Twitter. As well as that they interact directly with the customers mobile phone. Reference by (https://www.barco.com/en/StaticPages/DigitalCinema/Home/Lobby%20Enchantment? )

Film production and distribution technology has developed a lot since the first ever motion film, which was The Horse In Motion in 1878 by Eadweard Muybridge. A number of new advancements have taken place in terms of production technology including the creation of new software programs, the introduction of High Definition, IMAX technology and CGI. Distribution technology has also developed particularly in terms of home viewing with the introduction of Blu-Ray, free view and Internet streaming services.

Mansour Ahaidi

Lumiere Bros.

Vincendeau Ginette . The Cinema Book. London: BFI Publishing. 199.) In December 28, 1895 The Lumiere Bros. Published a film called Sortie De L’usine in The Grand Café in 1895. The film was published in France, Paris. This film was first created it’s marketing in the beginning of a period of rapid technology. The film was established in the grand narrative in France in cinema.

Film editing is part of editing post production of the film that usually starts after principal photography when the shot are recorded. Then the editing team and the director shoes what footages that are good and they put it in the sequence order making sure the film is smoothly run.

Cinematography

Cinematography is an art of visual storyline. It controlling what the viewer see or does not see when the image is presented. The film is visual the best shot films are ones where the audience can understand what the film is about without hearing any dialogue. Camera captures cinematographer with a series of progressive images that are sharp for a film that the director is creating. Early cinematographer they struggled when taking clear moving images.The camera captures the motion. It acts of capturing the photographic image in the space, which uses controllable elements such as the camera lens, each framing, The scale of the camera movement. The duration or the length of the each shot taken. Cinematography uses the depth of field to measure the area that is been applied and focused within the frame.

Mansour Ahaidi

Cinema was created in the 1880s – 1890s. It was revolution alone side the other inventions such as the telephone in 1876, photography in 1877 and automobile in 1890s. Films are been invited and they become a large industry across the world.

The 1800’s the origin of movies and motion pictures begin. They invented the motion toys that were designed to create an illusion for the audience to see which was framed by display succession such as Thaumatrope and the zoetrope.

In 1827 someone called Claude Niepce was the first photographer that used glass technique photographer. In 1807 Claude Niepce created the Internal Combustion Engine called Pyrelophore.

In the 1816th Claude Niepce became interested in the new technique that lithography and began to explore different ways of using the light sensitive materials to create different images on the printer, stones and plate.

In the 1872, Eadweard Muybridge is scientists and artist’s photography of moving animals that captured the movement in a different way that has never been used before.In 1872, Edward Muybridge experimented with motion photography such as creating series of pictures of horse’s gait.

In 1872 Edward Muybridge created his first true motion picture by placing twelve cameras on a racetrack and rigging the camera to capture different shots in quick sequence as the horses crossed in front of the camera lenses.

In 1885 the first film for motion photography was created by George Eastman and William H Walker they contributed the advance of motion photography.

Mansour Ahaidi

George Albert Smith

George Albert Smith was known as the “ Father of the British film industry”. He was a filmmaker that develops many different techniques that are used in the present time. He created different editing films using different ways and different techniques in different films that he created. George Albert is one of the most important figures in the Victorian cinema. Gerorge created a machine called Kinemacolor process, which was launched in 1908. This machine was the first colour film, which was, used 1910. It was very successful in the film industry for five years until 1915. United Kingdom, United State America and Japan where using Kinemacolour.

George Albert Smith was sparked in Cinema world in 1896. He is very important figure in the cinema world. In 1898 George Albert Smith created The Mesmerist and Photographing. The Photographing is a story of a ghost in one of the earliest horror films that was made in the United Kingdom. This was one George Albert pioneering effort. He created films that were illusion and interesting for the audience to watch.

In 1899 George created a charismas film in 1899. He used two different scenes happening in simultaneously. He used double exposure technique to show two double exposure techniques. This was the first parallel action in the cinema. Reference: http://www.nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/~/media/Files/NMeM/PDF/Collections/Cinematography/PioneersOfEarlyCinemaGeorgeAlbertSmith.pdf

Mansour Ahaidi

William George Horner

In 19th century the people experiment with different ways to make moving picture. In the 1834 in England someone called William Horner created Zoetrope. Which was one of several animation toys. Which was developed in the recording and projection of moving image. The animation toy’s that William Horner created Zoetrope where pursued in several different countries at the some time. Which was very important for moving image, as it was intentioned pre dated cinema.

When the audience were watching the films the images were series of drawing, which mimicked the various stages of motion of a moving image object. In 1827 Joseph Niepce realised “ The ability to produce images that recorded the natural world had been realised”. ( Abrams, Bell Udris: Studying Film 2nd addition 2003 Studying Film) One of the toys was very famous for animation films that cinemas took interest and promote on screen was animation films that used Zoetrope.

Zoetrope is a pre - film that was several devices that produced the illusion of motion that is displayed a sequence of drawing or photography that shows progressive phases of motion. Reference: http://www.randommotion.com/html/zoe.html

Mansour Ahaidi

Nickelodeon Cinema

Nickelodeon started from 1905 and lasted 1915. This was the busiest period in film industry. The characterize by the loud change in film exhibition. This was led of thousand of nickelodeon theatres across the nation. Nickelodeon showcased short film programs. Nickeloden showed their films in different theatres. The moving pictures were primarily shown in the Vaudeville house as a supplement to a Vaudeville program.

In the 1905 The Vaudeville House were converted into Nickelodeon theaters they showcased films as the main event. The Vaudeville theatres were small. The theatre holds minimumTwo hundred people. The films that is showing in The Vaudeville features a series of short film with live sound.

The Walt Disney Company

Walter Elias "Walt" was born on December 5, 1901 and died on December 15, 19666. He was famous for American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and philanthropist, well known for his influence

He was born in Chicago Illinois; as well his father Elias Disney, and mother Flora Call Disney. Walt was one of five children, four boys and a girl.After Walt's birth, the Disney family moved to Marceline Missouri, Walt lived most of his childhood here.

Mansour Ahaidi

Walt had very early interests in art, he would often sell drawings to neighbors to make extra money. He pursued his art career, by studying art and photography by going to McKinley High School in Chicago.Walt began to love, and appreciate nature and wildlife, and family and community, which were a large part of agrarian living. Though his father could be quite stern, and often there was little money, Walt was encouraged by his mother, and older brother, Roy to pursue his talents.

Walt Disney become interested in drawing, taking some art classes as a teen and providing political cartoons for his high school's newspaper. Aer returning from France in 1919, he wanted to continue with his political cartoons but could only find work with an advertising agency. Walt next secured a job with the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he created commercials using cardboard cutouts. This sparked his interest in animation, and Walt began borrowing equipment from work for his own experiments. He founded the Laugh-O-Gram Studio in 1922.

His company started in 1923 in the rear of a small office occupied by Holly-Vermont Realty in Los Angeles. It was there that Walt Disney, and his brother Roy, produced a series of short live-action/animated films collectively called The Alice Comedies. The rent was a mere $10 a month. Within four months, the ever-growing staff moved next door to larger facilities, where the sign on the window read "Disney Bros. Studio." A year later, in 1925, the Disneys made a deposit on a Hyperion Avenue lot in the Silver Lake district of Los Angeles. Construction began on the new studio shortly thereafter. During the next 14 years, many changes took place at the Disney studio: Mickey Mouse was "born" in 1928, followed by Pluto, Goofy, Donald Duck, and the rest of the Disney gang.

Mansour Ahaidi

Walter Elias had a studio that was first established on October 16, 1923, he became he move into features in 1934, pulling selected animators away from the short subjects division that had previously been the whole of Walt Disney Productions. The result was the first full-length animated feature in English and Technicolor Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The film became an unprecedented success when it was released to theatres in February 1938, and it and many of the subsequent feature productions became film classics.

European Cinema & American Movies

The Hollywood studio is average of revenue of 50/50 with different theatre owner’s right. The film production budget is break even on production. They are different cost of marketing the films they are own PA. This can cost at lest 30 to 50 million on big films.

The European films are world apart. The most of European films that are labelled as art Films. The target audience Cinema across America they have limited audience in the larger metropolitan area.Hollywood is dominated in cinema scenes. The average of 80 % of all Hollywood films they are shown across the European countries.

Hollywood cinema is the largest movie industry in the world. They are seeking maximize the capital return on commodity by creating system of production by which they can control.Creating a Hollywood film is a riskily business as it not always exciting as people may think. When creating Hollywood movies the average of the film cost 60 million pounds. The film industry does not get paid tell the viewer watch the film in the cinema screen across the countries.

Mansour Ahaidi

High Definition

High Definition is a video of higher resolution and quality than standard definition. In terms of filming, High Definition format not only improves the quality of the image but also enables the images to be transferred easily for editing and special effect purposes.

High Definition Television is now available in the world on a variety of platforms including cable, satellite and terrestrial television. It is continually expanding to greater variety of channels as viewers purchase HD ready televisions in greater numbers.

Imax

Imax stands for Image Maximum. It is a motion picture film format and set of cinema projection standards. It has the ability to record and display images of far larger size and resolution than previous conventional film systems. Since 2002, some feature films have been converted or upgraded so that they can be shown in IMAX cinemas and some have been shot using IMAX technology.

IMAX technology vastly heightens the visual impact of film presentations, making the experience more immersive for audiences. For this reason it is a particularly popular format for blockbuster action and fantasy films to be shown in and has particular value in terms of increasing the impact of CGI or Special Effects.

Mansour Ahaidi

The computer-generated imagery is the application of computer graphics to different creative formats like games, films, television programmes, commercials, and simulators. It is most commonly used in terms of 3D computer graphics to create special effects in films and television. The evolution of CGI led to the development of virtual cinematography in the 1990s where the simulated camera is not limited or restricted by physical laws.

They can also be created by home users and edited using software programs like Windows Move Maker, Finial Cut Program, I Movie and many other film editing application.

The availability of CGI software and more developed computer technology has enabled individual artists and small independent production companies to create films and games to a professional standard.

First World War 1914 – 1918 (Oligopoly)

In 1930th Hollywood films was dominated by creating the eight studio. It completely dominating by small number of companies it was result of limiting competition. The companies were divided in to different Majors or Big Five, “The Minors” or “ Little Three”. The major studio were studios that were vertically integrated. In 1914th Hollywood position in the film capital of the world was made possible. The war was destroyed European completion. The next four years the Hollywood was dominated by creating the films. Which was established an impressive global distribution network.

Mansour Ahaidi

United State America was dominated by European Country that was owned by cinemas. However films were increased in the cinema’s very fast past in the America. During the First World War America began to dominate the international film industry. The production companies such as Nordisk from Denmark, Cines from Italy and Cecil Hepworth’s company in England. They produced and export many films. Bibliography: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-nickelodeon-opens

19th century the cinema has become one of the most powerful form of mess communication. In the 1890s the films started creating with narrative. In the 1914 were complex, technically and had a great deal and hugely popular and particularly working with the classic films. It was quoted “ For those unsophisticated audience what was on the screen was often to believe to be real”. The films that was created was not just for the entrainment for the audience, however the important source of the audience, a vital factor in they shaping their worldview. In 1914 the cinema was increased in popularity. The British government saw a little place in filmmaking during the war. During that time cinema was a simple pleasure in a lower classes. In the military had little idea of just how much they would need to come collaboration in the whole population to achieve the powerful films. This was a weapon of mass persuasion. The filmmakers offered the assistance in the world war effort.

Bibliography:

http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/filmcinema_great_britain

Mansour Ahaidi

Studio System

In the early history of motion picture. In Hollywood between 1930th and 1949. Is been described in the Golden Age or classical era of Hollywood Films. The natural of Hollywood film production during the period Thomas Schatz in 1998. It was referred as the “The Genius of the system”. This was the year when Hollywood trying to remove any element of surprise or unpredictability from filmmaking. In the 1909 to 1930th the studio system were developing industry.

StreamingNetflix

Netflix, INC is American provider of on demand internet streaming services that are available to viewers in North and South America, Caribbean and parts of Europe (Denmark, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom).

The success of Netflix has altered the way audiences consume televised content. Neil Hunt, the Netflix chief product officer, believes that Netflix is model for what television will look like in 2025. He highlights the fact that because users can watch shows at their own pace and convenience, there is no longer any need for episodes to end on cliff-hangers in order to encourage audiences to continue following a series. This level of flexibility also enables Netflix to develop and work on a show until it finds its audience rather than cancelling it immediately due to initial disappointing ratings. He realised that a customers that has which they can watch different programs in one television show when they want than leaving as a cliff- hanger.

The service’s subscription fee also frees Netflix from having to show commercial advertisements, which alters the viewing experience for the

Mansour Ahaidiconsumer and also enables the service to produce programmes that do not have to fit into a traditional length of 30 or 60 minutes.

Netflix has changed consumers’ expectations. By making the whole series of a programme available at once, Netflix has been able to capitalize on the increasing habit of binge watching, giving the freedom and control of scheduling back to the viewer. According to a 2013 Nielsen survey, more than 60% of Americans admit to binge-watching shows and nearly 8/10 Americans have used technology to watch their favourite shows on their own schedule.

I believe that production and distribution technology will continue to develop over the next ten years and we will see improvements in a number of areas including the quality of hardware and software available to both professionals and amateurs. These improvements may make it easier to create films with advanced and specialised effects but it also means that producers, directors, cinematographers and editors working in the industry will need to continually update their skill set in order to be able to keep up and use the new technology effectively.

Due to High Definition Television and the expansion of streaming services, home consumer habits have already dramatically changed but I think there will be continued advancements in this area with larger audiences having access to such technology and even greater freedom for users to create their own viewing schedule whether it be at home or on the move using a variety of devices like phones and tablets to consume content.

In the United Kingdom and in the Crown Dependencies, where people watch television they need to pay television licenses. Whether they own a satellite, cable or use the Internet to do so. The licence is used to fund the BBC’s television, radio and online services. The money that they raised from television licensing was £3.6562 billion in 2012. Pay television, premium television, or premium channels are television services paid for by subscription. There are different ways to watch a subscription services including digital, cable and satellite television as

Mansour Ahaiditechnology has developed subscription based television is now principally via digital and internet television. Pay-Per-View is a type of television service where the subscriber of a television service provider can purchase specific programming on a one off basis.

Advertising income provides a big portion of a commercial channel’s income. In general these tend to take the form of brief advertising spots ranging from a few seconds to a minute. They can also take the form of infomercials which are full length programmes. In the United Kingdom the Ofcom limits adverts to 7 minutes per hour, with limits of 12 minutes for any particular clock hour (8 minutes per hour between 6pm and 11pm). In 2010 when Britain Got Talent aired the advertisers paid £250,000 for a 30 second slot which was the most expensive advertising slot in the United Kingdom so far.

Income for the film and television industry can also be generated through product placement which is defined as the inclusion of or reference to a product, service or trade marked company within the film or programme. For example, the James Bond franchise has made very successful use of product placement. Golden Eye was the focus of a BMW campaign promoting the new Z3 model. Sales of the Z3 rose sharply when the film was released. For Tomorrow Never Dies, a $100 million promotional campaign was created tying in BMW, Visa, L’Oreal, Ericsson, Heineken, Avis and Omega SA. Product placement is an investment for brands trying to reach a niche audience, and there are strong reasons for investors to expect that film product placement will increase consumer awareness of a particular brand.

Independent film companies are funded through private capital, investment, development funds, financial aid and crowd funding. They are few different companies that provide different types of development funds and grants to independent companies like Film Forever, Creative England, Ideas Tap, Raindance Film Festival and Film London Microwave.

Mansour Ahaidi

Funding affects a company’s means of production which is the power or wealth that produces a programme or film. For example BBC owns the means of production for a whole range of programming including television studios, radio studios, offices and equipment. But funding has direct impact on every stage of the production process including pre-production, production, postproduction and distribution.

Ethical Restriction

Ofcom have a code that controls what should be broadcast on television and radio. These are rules that set the standard for ever broadcast programme which every broadcaster needs to follow. The code protects the viewers and listeners from anything harmful and offensive while ensuring that the broadcaster has the creative freedom to create challenging and interesting programming. For example broadcasters are allowed to show controversial material, even if people consider it offensive, as long as it has editorial justification or is in the public’s interest to be aware of. As well as harm and offence cod, the code covers areas such as impartiality and accuracy, sponsorship and product the placement as well as fairness and privacy.

The BBC Editorial Guidelines are the values and the standards that apply to their content. The BBC Trust Foundation are independent, impartial and honest. They are committed to achieve the highest standard due to accuracy and impartiality.

Mansour Ahaidi

They want to prevent knowingly misleading the audience. The BBC Editorial Guidelines cover areas such as accuracy; impartiality; harm and offence; fairness; contributors and consent; privacy; reporting crime and anti social behaviour; children and young people as contributors; politics, public policy and polls; war, terror and emergencies; religion; reuse and revisioning; editorial integrity and independence from external interests; conflicts of interest; external relationships and funding; interacting with the audience; the law; and accountability.

An example of how ethical guidelines and restrictions affect television programming is a Channel 4 programme called How Not to Get Old. The programme in which Louise Redknapp tested anti-ageing products breached broadcasting rules after its expert dermatologist, Dr Samantha Bunting, was revealed to be a brand ambassador for one of the gadgets it featured.

A viewer complained to media regulator Ofcom that Bunting was a brand ambassador for the Philips ReAura home laser product. The programme did not disclose that Bunting is paid by Philips to act as an ambassador for the product. Ofcom said viewers' ability to distinguish between information and promotion was therefore "substantially impaired" by not being informed as to what Bunting's true relationship was with Philips.It encouraged Channel 4, and all broadcasters, to review the demands put on independent producers to check contributors' commercial relationships.Legal guideline and the code that is applied in the television industry Great Britain authorised health and safety act 1974 for filming.

Mansour Ahaidi

Legal Restriction: There are several legal guidelines and codes that apply to the television and film industry including the Health and Safety Act, Copyright Law, Trade Unions, the Race Relation Act, the Broadcasting Act and the Obscene Publication Act.For television and films, copyright may cover a number of components for example the original screenplay, the music score etc. If you are the one that produced the film or television show then you normally have to gain the permission or the rights to use any works that you require. In the UK, the first copyright owners of a film are the producer and director. However there are exemptions when either of these are an employee, in this instance it is the employer who is the first owner of the copyright.

When employer or employees are working there should be a reasonably health and safety measures taken to ensure that they are safe. There should be a member of staff who is experienced with health and safety issues and will ensure that employees are not exposed to any risk. For example if on location, the film is being shot somewhere with poor lighting, it would be appropriate to ensure that extra lighting is used. Some scenarios will require more care and planning than others, for example working with animals. The production team should always have a meeting to discuss potential health and safety issues before production begins. For any music used in a television programme or television you need to have either a publishing or recording licence. A publishing licence comes from the people who own the copyright to the written elements of the piece of music like lyrics and composition. A recording licence comes from the people who performed the version of the music that you want to use. The BBFC needs to consider if the material submitted for classification is in conflict with the law or a criminal offence has been committed in order to make it.

Mansour Ahaidi

Licensing Legislation provides the BBFC power to regulate the UK film industry. The BBFC also uses the 1984 Video Recordings Act to decide whether a work is appropriate for home viewing. In order to do this, they need to take into consideration any potential harm whether to the viewer or to society. Works that depict criminal behaviour, the use of illegal drugs, violent acts or sexual activity are taken into particular consideration. Other legal considerations include the showing of indecent images of children, animal cruelty, obscenity, racial hatred and human rights. The BBFC may sometimes seek external expert advice if these questions require more professional analysis. If a film is found to contain material, which contravenes UK, it will be cut. If the whole work is found to be in breach of the law then it may be entirely denied a certificate and be banned from public showing. At the cinema, the final power lies with the local authorities who can decide to ignore any of the BBFC’s rulings. An example of this was in 2002 when several local authorities gave a PG certificate to Spider Man in spite of the fact that the BBFC rated it as a 12.

Mansour Ahaidi

Employment Law

Employment legislation covers laws and standards that make sure that the employee does not suffer from working in a dangerous or unhealthy working environment. The enforcement of Health and Safety legislation prevents this. The BBC has strict policies in relation to accident and incident reporting, guidelines for health safety, risk assessment and security policy.

All film and television industry employers will have a policy that prevents discrimination in relation to gender, race, disability, sexual orientation religion and age. This is also enforcing nationally by the Equal Opportunities Act.

Although some employers have more strictly enforced equal opportunities policies than others. For example, Channel 4 even regularly monitors and publishes their figures, stating on their website ‘the representation of ethnic minorities amongst permanent staff in 2010 was 13% (2009: 12%). Women continue to form the majority of staff at 57% (2009: 55%). The BBC recently faced criticism in terms of age discrimination under Employment Equality Age regulations when ‘Mia Costello, Managing Editor of regional station BBC Radio Solent, told presenters in an official email that they should prevent any "elderly" callers from being allowed on air.’

All employers must cover themselves with insurance in case they are liable to pay compensation to an employee who has been injure or become sick due to their work.

Mansour Ahaidi

The BBC recommends insurance to all filmmakers in order to ‘provide indemnity in respect of your legal liability to pay compensation for death, disease or bodily injury to employees arising out of and during the course of their employment’.

Employees have numerous contractual rights in relation to payments, sickness, holidays and the right to not be harassed or discriminated against. They also have the right to belong to a trade union. These can negotiate pay, conditions and contracts for their members as well as providing them with individual, support, advice and representation.

Employees should also be aware of their intellectual property rights in relation to copyright and trademark. Workers in the film and television industry often perform creative roles and will therefore need to understand whether they as the creator of the work or the company they are producing it for own the rights. For example, scriptwriters will often sell all their rights to their original work so that a production company can make the screenplay into a film.

Contracts

There are numerous types of different employment contracts that employees in the film and television industry could be signed onto. Each has different obligations and benefits attached to it. A full time permanent contract means an employee is employed as a regular member of a staff for around 38 to 40 hours a week. These jobs are often salaried and have numerous benefits including a regular income, sick pay, holiday entitlement and maternity or paternity leave. Part time permanent contracts are similar to this but the employee will work a reduced number of hours. The most common type of contracts in the film and television industry are however freelance and fixed term contracts, particularly for technical and creative roles like camera operators, editors and light technicians. These contracts

Mansour Ahaidiare strictly temporary and often do not come with the same benefits as permanent contracts. Another common type of payment in the film and television industry is called on completion. This when it states in an individual’s contract that they will only be paid for the work they have done when the film or television programme they have been employed to make is completed.

In the film and television industry, contracts may include confidentiality and exclusivity agreements. A confidentiality agreement means that by law the employee is not allowed to convey any information about the production or details of the television show or film that they are working on until a certain date or until they are officially notified. This is often so that important pieces of information like plot or those involved in the project can be kept secret until release or promotion and not be leaked to the press. Exclusivity agreements is when a term is written into contracts that ensures by law that the employee can only work with one company and not with any of its competitors for the period of employment covered by the contract. If this agreement is broken, payment can be suspended and employment terminated.

Mansour Ahaidi

In Concussion I think that film industry has developed hugely throughout different technologies such as equipments (Cameras, Tripods and many other objects) as well as that new software’s are been created such as (Logic Pro, Finial Cut Pro) and many other application that people could buy and use. In the present time is very easy for a person to buy equipment and create films. I believe that in 10 or 20 years time the media industry will develop in different ways such as creating different ways to edit films making it easier for people to use.

Bibliography:http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/filmcinema_great_britain https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2010/08/holl-a05.html http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/19/movies/film-how-the-first-world-war-changed-movies-forever.html?pagewanted=all http://cinewiki.wikispaces.com/Nickelodeon+Era+(1905-1915) http://www.theverge.com/2013/10/25/5027890/the-psychedelic-and-grotesque-proto-gifs-of-the-19th-century