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Understanding and Using English Grammar Summary of
(grammar 1) by Betty Azar
By : Hanan Abdallah Nassar
ensesTChapter 1: Verb
of ing/ed forms 1 Spelling-1
drop (E)We
Eما عدا األفعال التي تنتهي بحرفين
seeing , agreeingمثل
hoping hoped Hope
dating dated Date
Verbs end with E
+اذا كان مقطع واحد وحرف علة نضاعف
الحرف األخير
+اذا كان مقطع واحد وحرفين علة ال نضاعف
الحرف األخير
المقطع االول مشدد ال نضاعف +اذا كان
الحرف األخير
+اذا كان المقطع الثاني مشدد نضاعف الحرف
االخير
ال تضاعف مثل W and xالكلمة التي آخرها
Fix fixed / plow plowed
stopping stopped Stop+
raining rained rain+
listening listened listen+
preferring preferred prefer+
Verbs end in vowel and
consonant
starting started Start
folding folded fold
two Verbs end with
consonants
there is a vowel يوجد حرف علة
there is no vowel ال يوجد حرف علة
enjoyedenjoying Enjoy
studiedstudying Study
Verbs end in (Y)
dying died die
lying lied lie
Verbs end in (ie)
imple PresentS2 -1
Uses:
1) General statements of facts
- Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
- The world is round.
-Most animals kill for food
2) Habitual and everyday activity
- she goes to school at 7; 00 am
- I work three hours every Monday
Present progressive 3-1
Use:
1) Activity is in a progress at the moment of speaking, which happened in the recent
past and probably will end in the near future.
Look! It is raining.-
- he is working here this summer
-I am still waiting for a reply of my letter.
They are playing right now. -
Every day, year… etc.
Usually
sometimes
always
Listen
look
right now
this + time
عند الشكوى والتذمر always نستخدم
you are always coming late.
transitive 1-3-1والمتعدية intransitiveاألفعال الالزمة
Intransitive Transitive ( needs an obj)
Rise, rose, risen. (the sun rises in the east)
تشرق
Raise, raised, raised. (You raised me up.)
يرفع
Sit, sat, sat ( I sit in the front) يجلس Set, set ,set. ( I will set the book on the
table) يضع
Lie, lay, lain. ( she is lying on the bed)
استلقى
Lay, laid, laid. (I am laying the book on
the desk). يضع /يرقد
Hang, hung, hung ( I hung the picture on
the wall) يعلق
Hang, hanged, hanged ( they hanged the
thief.يشنق
وهي : non-progressive verbs يوجد أفعال ال تقبل االستمرارية وتأتي دوما بزمن المضارع البسيط
+ Mental state: know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, suppose, imagine, remember,
forget, need, prefer, mean and doubt.
+ Emotional state: love, hate, like, dislike, fear, envy, mind and care.
+possession: possess, own and belong.
Sense perceptions: hear+
+Other states: seem, cost, exist, include, contain, consist of and owe.
: توجد أفعال تقبل االستمرارية في حاالت وال تقبلها في حاالت أخرى وهي
Think: I think he is a kind man. I am thinking about this case.
Have: He has a house. I am having a good time.
Taste: this apple tastes good. The chef is tasting the sauce.
Smell: the flowers smell good. She is smelling the rose.
See: I see a car. The doctor is seeing the patient. يرى
Feel: the cat's fur feels soft she is feeling the cat's fur.
Look: she feels cold. I am looking for a job.
Appear: Sofy appears. The actor is appearing on the stage.
Weigh: this is heavy. It weighs a lot. She is weighing the apples.
Be: I am hungry. Tom is being foolish.
Simple past4 -1
Use:
1) Simple past indicates an activity which began and ended in the past.
Examples:
- I walked to school yesterday.
- Did you have dinner last night?
progressive Past 5-1
Use:
1) When there is two actions happened in the same time but one of them is occurred
earlier and was progress when the other action occurred.
I was walking on the street, when it began to rain.
هو األقدم فيأخذ الماضي البسيط . whenالفعل بعد
and past progressive have the same meaning Sometimes simple past
It rained this morning. It was raining this morning.
Present Perfect6 -1
حدث في الماضي وله عالقة بالحاضر والوقت الذي حدث به غير مهم
Uses:
1) Describes something happened or never happened before now, at an unspecified
time (the exact time it happened is not important).
this film. seenalready haveI
2) Describes the repetition of an event before now, the exact time of repetition is not
important.
many people since he came here in May. as methHe
Yesterday
last + day, week, etc.
this morning (when
meaning is past)
When
While
3) With since and for:
I have been here since 7:00 Am. He has been here for two weeks.
عادة many مع تأتي مع رقم أو forأما )منذ )و وقت محدد ومعناهاأبعد تاريخ أو يوم أو شهر sinceتأتي
(.لمدة ) ومعناها
Present perfect progressive 7-1
: Uses
1) An event began in the past and continues to the present. (Used with: all day, since,
for)
It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now.
حدث في الماضي وما زال مستمرا الى اآلن
2) Expresses a general activity in progress recently or lately.
I have been thinking about changing my major.
present perfect progressiveو present perfectلهم نفس المعنى في live ,work, teachاألفعال
forو sinceعند استخدام
He has worked at the same store since 1992. He has been working in the same
store since 1992
Already
Yet,
Just,
Ever,
Never,
Since + a particular time,
For + a duration of time
For
Since
Lately
perfect astP 8-1
Use:
1) Two events happened in the past and ended in the past.
-She had already eaten by the time he got home.
Sam had left when we got there.-
Past perfect progressive9 -1
حدث أول وأخذ وقت وله آثار في الماضي
Uses:
1) Emphasizes the duration of an event that was in progress before another event or
time in the past.
- The police had been looking for the thief for two years before he caught him.
2) Expresses an activity in progress recent to another time or activity in the past.
- Her eyes were red because she had been crying.
Simple future 10-1
Use:
1) Expresses the future time by using (Will/ be going to).
I will finish this work next week.
yourself will/ are going to hurtyouمثال: (predictionللتنبأ ) will/ be going toنستخدم
careful!
مثال: prior plan)لألمور المخطط لها مسبقا ) be going toونستخدم
Are you busy tonight? Yes, I am going to meet Tom in the park.
will answerthe phone's ringing. I .( مثال: Willingnessللرغبة والمشيئة ) willونستخدم
ممكن استخدام المضارع البسيط
للتعبير عن المستقبل ويكون بأفعال
,open, close, beginمحددة مثل :
end, start, finish, arrive,
leave come, return.
The train leaves at 6:00 PM
next Monday .
Already
Before
By the time
Since
For
Future progressive 11 -1
حدث سيقع مستقبال وستطرأ عليه االستمرارية
-Don't call me at nine because I won't be home. I am going to be studying at the
library.
- The class will begin at seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying when you
come.
Some Using of Prepositions 112 -1
مثال Inتأخذ والشهور والفصول والسنوات األوقات الرئيسية
, winter, March, 1990 (In) the morning, afternoon evening
,noon, dawn, midnight, six o'clock, present . (At) night مثال Atواألوقات الفرعية تأخذ
)thrch 15) Monday , MaOn مثال Onواأليام تأخذ
Chapter 2 : Madals
1 using of modals-2
past Present/future Uses Auxiliary
May I borrow your
pen?
Polite request May
You may leave the
room.
Formal permission
He may have been
with Mary.
Where’s John?
He may be with
Mary.
Less than 50%
certainty
He might have
been with Mary.
Where’s John?
He might be with
Mary.
Less than 50%
certainty
Might
I should have
studied more
yesterday. ( regret/
blame)
I should study
more.
advisability Should
She should have
passed the exam.
She should pass the
exam (future only)
90% certainty
I ought to have
studied more
yesterday.
I ought to study
more.
advisability Ought to
She ought to have
passed the exam
She ought to pass
the exam (future
only)
90% certainty
the past form
uncommon
You had better
study more, or I
won't give you any
penny.
Advisability with
threat
Had better
The workshop was
supposed to begin
at 9:00 am.
The workshop is
supposed to begin
at 9:00 am.
Expectation Be (is, are, am)
supposed to
The workshop was
to begin at 9:00 am.
The workshop is to
begin at 9:00 am.
Strong expectation Be to
I had to go to
library yesterday.
I must go to the
library.
Strong necessity must
You must not be
late.
prohibition
he must have been
late yesterday.
He isn't in the
meeting, he must
be late.
( present only)
95% certainty
I had to go to the
library last week.
I have to go to the
library.
necessity Have to
I didn't have to go
to the library last
night.
I don't have to go
to the library
tonight.
Lack of necessity
I had to go to the
library last week.
I have got to go to
the library.
necessity Have got to
I will go to the
library next
Monday. (future
only)
100% certainty Will
The phone is
ringing. I will
answer.
willingness
Will you please
open the door?
Polite request
I am going to the
library next
Monday. (future
only)
100% certainty Be going to
I was going to buy
new furniture, but I
didn't have time.
I am going to buy
new furniture soon.
(future only)
Definite plan
I could do this job
last Friday, but
now I can't.
I can do this job Ability/ possibility Can
You can borrow
my bag tomorrow.
Informal
permission ( with
family and friends)
Can you open the
door?
Informal polite
request
That can't have
been true!
That can't be true! Impossibility (
negative only)
I could ride a horse
when I was child. Past ability Could
Could you open the
door?
polite request
You could have
asked your teacher
or you could have
seen some
references.
-I can't understand
this issue.
- You could ask
your teacher or you
could see some
references about it.
suggestion
He could have been
at home.
Where is John?
He could be at
home.
Less than 50%
certainty
That couldn't have
been true!
That couldn't be
true!
Impossibility (
negative only)
I was able to help
you.
I am able to help
you.
Ability Be able to
Would you please
open the door?
Polite request Would
She would rather She would rather preference
have gone to the
market.
go to the market
than study.
When I was child,
my mother would
sing a song for me.
Repeated action in
the past
When I was child,
my mother used to
sing a song for me.
Repeated action in
the past
Used to
Shall I open the
door?
Polite question to
make suggestion
(we can use let's
and why don't when
the subject isn't I )
Shall
I shall go to the
market.
(will is more
common)
Future with I/we as
subject
May/ shall I open the door?
May/ shall you open the door? ×
could be used with ' I' for polite request shall onlyand May
When the imperative sentence can be used?
1) To give directions. For example, turn right toward the Rainbow Street.
2) To give an order. For example, open the door.
3) To make a polite request. For example, please open the door.
2 Used to v.s be used to -2
- She used to live in Jordan.
past habit and repeated there) (It happened in the past and now she doesn't live
in the past.
- I am used to walking every morning.
it is happened in the past and(I am accustomed to walking in the morning)
still until now.
- Suzan moved from her parent's house, after a while she got used to working.
ing = gerund means become).-(Get used to/ get accustomed to + v
2 3 Some Using of Prepositions-2
withFamiliar
ofapprove
tosubscribe
ofconsist
atstaring
fromhide
withargues
forpray
fromrecovered
ofenvious
atangry
toresponded
upick p
upgrow
awaythrew
upcheer
money out ofran
Chapter 3: the passive
The using of passive: 1-3
1) When it is not known or not important to know who performs an action.
2) The "by" phrase is included only if it is important to know who perform an
action.
3) When it describes an existing situation or state (stative passive).
The form of passive: 2-3
Passive Active The tense
Mary is helped by John. John helped Mary. Simple present
Mary is being helped by
John.
John is helping Mary. Present progressive
Mary has been helped by
John.
John has helped Mary. Present prefect
Mary was helped by John. John helped Mary. Simple past
Mary was being helped
by John.
John was helping Mary. Past progressive
Mary had been helped by
John.
John had helped Mary. Past perfect
Mary will be helped by
John.
Mary is going to be
helped by John.
John will help Mary.
John is going to help
Mary.
Simple future
Be going to
Mary will have been
helped by John.
John will have helped
Mary.
Future perfect
The pronouns in passive3 -3
Object Subject
Me I
Us We
Them They
Him He
Her She
It It
ive form of modals:pass The4 -3
The past passive form is:
Modal+ have been+ P.P
Such as: Tom should have done this work
3 days ago.
The passive: This work should have been
done 3 days ago by Tom.
The passive form is:
Modal +be+ P.P
Such as: Tom should do this work.
The passive: This work should be done
by Tom.
Indirect objects and direct object as passive subjects5 -3
)O.D( Direct object Indirect object (O.I)
The teacher gave the student a prize. Example (1) :
When we focus on the (O.I):
The student was given a prize by the teacher.
When we focus on the (O.D):
A prize was given to the student.
Example (2): someone has handed Mary the list.
When we focus on the (O.I):
Mary has been handed the list.
When we focus on the (O.D):
The list has been handed to Mary.
Stative passive 6-3
It describes an existing situation or state (stative passive)
(verb to be+ adj)
Active: Tom broke the window.
Passive: the window was broken by Tom.
So, the window is broken now.
P.s:
The passive with get, which means become, is common in spoken English but
not in formal writing.
For example: They are getting married tomorrow.
Some of common adjectives which follow get are : angry,
worry,busy,bald,dark,cold,warm,well,wet,warse,hungry,better,big,chilly,sick,
thirsty,tall,sleepy,rich,hot,late,good and empty.
P.s:
When we describe the subject (person) the adj will be (- ed) while when we describe the object (not person), the adj will be (-ing).
For example: the novel is exciting. (The novel isn't a person)
The child is excited. (We describe person)
Chapter 4: Gerunds and infinitive
1 what is gerund and what is infinitive?-4
How can we distinguish between the gerund and the verb?
If –ing come before is, are, was, were and am it is gerund. If it is come after them this
is a verb.
For example:
Playing football is exciting. (Gerund)
He is playing football. (Present progressive)
infinitive.2 what followed by gerund and what followed by -4
Followed by both Followed by infinitive Followed by gerund
Group A
( no difference in meaning)
Group A
( verb+ to)
After (about ,of and in)
I'm interested in learning
more about legal
translation.
Intend Hope to Accustomed to +gerund
Begin Plan to Quit /give up
Like Decide to Enjoy
Hate Promise to Appreciate
Start Agree to Mind
Love Offer to Finish (get through)
Prefer Refuse to Avoid
Can't stand Seem to Postpone/delay/ put off
Continue Appear to Consider
Prefer Pretend to Discuss
Can't bear Mention
Group B
( with difference in
meaning)
Group B
(verb+ pronoun +to)
Suggest
Remember +to (to perform
responsibility, duty or task).
Remember+ gerund
(something happened in the
Would like to/ someone+
to
Keep/ keep on
A gerund: the –ing form of a verb
the infinitive: to+ the simple form of a verb
past _recall)
Forget+ gerund (to perform
responsibility, duty or task).
Forget +gerund ((something
happened in the past _recall)
This occurs in negative or
questions
Want to/ someone+ to Go
Regret+ to (to say or to
inform someone of some bad
news.
Regret+ gerund (something
happened in the past).
Need to / someone+ to
Stop+ gerund ( when ending
something)
stop+ infinitive (ending
something and starting to do
another thing)
Expect to / someone+ to
Advise+ someone(object) +
to
Advise +gerund
Ask to/ someone+ to
Try+ to (make an effort)
Try +gerund (experiment
with a new or different way
to see if it works).
Encourage +someone +to
Remind+ someone+ to
Invite + someone+ to
Permit + someone+ to
Allow + someone+ to
Warn + someone+ to
Require + someone+ to
Order+ someone+ to
Force+ someone+ to
Tell +someone +to
Some adjectives followed by infinitive:
glad to, happy to ,pleased to, lucky to,
eager to, content to, ready to, carful to
delight to and determined to
Chapter 5: singular and plural
es: -s, –Plural with 1 -5
Book (books)
Box (boxes)
Baby (babies)
Toy (toys)
Ps:
We add –es to words that end in ( -sh, -ch, -s, -x, and –z)
Class –classes wash – washes
Ps:
When y followed by a vowel we add –s. while, when it
is followed by a consonant the –y becomes –I then we
added –es.
Irregular plural nouns 2-5
Nouns their origins not
from English
Same
singula
r and
plural
End
with –f
add -s
End with
fe-f/–
End with
(O) add
s –either
es-or
End
with
(O)
s-add
End with
-(O) Add
es
Irregular
forms
Criterion-criteria
Phenomenon-
phenomena
Cactus- cacti/cactuses
Stimulus- stimuli
Syllabus-
syllabi/syllabuses
Formula-
formulas/formulae
Vertebra-vertebrae
Analysis-analyses
Basis- bases
Crisis-crises
Hypothesis-hypotheses
Oasis-oases
Parenthesis-parentheses
Thesis-theses
Appendix-appendices/
appendixes
Index- indices/indexes
Bacterium- bacteria
Datum-data
Medium-media
Memorandum –
memoranda
Deer
Fish
Means
Series
Sheep
Species
Roof-
roofs
Cliff-
cliffs
Leaf-
leaves
Life-lives
Knife-
knives
Shelf-
shelves
Wolf-
wolves
Volcanos
/
Volcano
es
Zeros/
zeroes
Mosquit
os/
mosquito
es
Kilos
Memo
s
Autos
Piano
s
Solos
Photo
s
Tattoo
s
Zoos
Video
s
Echo-
echoes
hero-
heroes
Potatoes
Tomatoes
Man-men
child-
children
mouse-mice
louse-lice
foot-feet
goose-geese
tooth-teeth
ox- oxen
Possessive nouns3 -5
Possessive form Plural noun Possessive form Singular noun
The girls' book The girls book The girl's book The girl
The men's The men The man's The man
The children's The children The child's The child
A ladies' A ladies A lady's A lady
Using nouns as modifiers 4 -5
noncount (uncountable) nouns (countable) andCount 5 -5
When we used a noun as a modifier, we use it in its singular form
For example: My farm has apple trees. It is an apple tree farm.
When we use the noun as modifier is combined with a number, we use
it in its singular form and we use (-)
Her daughter is twenty three years old. She has a twenty-three-year-
old daughter.
Most noncount nouns refer to a whole that is made up of different
parts. Such as: furniture.
An example on count nouns ( table – tables)
6 some common noncount nouns -5
1) Whole groups made up of similar items: food, fruit, cash, traffic, equipment, etc.
2) Fluids: water, coffee, blood, milk, etc.
3) Solids: ice, cheese, gold, wood, etc.
4) Gases: air, oxygen, etc.
5) Particles: rice, corn, hair, etc.
6) Abstractions: luck, music, pride, peace, sleep, time, homework, knowledge,
grammar, slang, etc.
7) Languages: Arabic, English, etc.
8) Fields of study: engineering, translation, history, etc.
9) Recreation: chess, tennis, etc.
10) General activities: walking, driving, etc.
11) Natural phenomena: weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, rain, snow, sunshine, etc.
Expressions of quantity 7-5
Both of them Noncount nouns Count nouns
Not any
(haven't any friends/ time)
A little (a little food) One (one day)
No (have no friends/ time) Little ( little food) Each (each day)
Some (days/ time) Much (much food) Every (every day)
A lot of (friends/time)
A great deal of (food) Two (two days)
Lots of ( days/time) Both (both days)
Plenty of (days/ time) Three, four, etc.(three
days)
Most (days/ time) A few ( a few days)
All (days/time) Few ( few days)
Many (many days)
Several ( several days)
A number of ( a number of
days)
A couple of ( a couple of
days)
P.s
The differences between a little/
little and a few /few:
A little/ a few: emphasizes that
something still remains and exists
(give a positive idea). While little
/few: emphasizes the lack of
something (give a negative idea
that something is absent or not
enough).