MSU POLYTECHINIC Welcome
TYPES OF SOIL
Name: Ajay J. RathodYear: T.Y.D. CivilRoll No:80
1MSU POLYTECHINICWelcome
Types of Soil2 Alluvial Soils Black Soils Red Soils Mountain
Soils Desert Soils Saline & Alkaline soil Peaty & Marshy
soil Residual soils Marine soil Glacial soil Aeolian soil
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Alluvial Soil
ALLUVIAL soil is formed when a soil carrying stream, gradually
loses its carrying capacity with decreasing ve-locity. Inslowing
down , a river does not have suffic-ient power to keep the large
particles of soil suspended; these particles settle to the
riverbed. Further decrease in velocity causes smaller particles to
settle. These particles are deposited, finally, at the mouth of the
river, where they form DELTAS of fine-grained soil.
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Alluvial Soil
4It is the most important type of soil found in India covering
about 40 per cent of the total land area. It is very fertile and
contributes the largest share of agricultural wealth. This soil
supports nearly half of the Indian population.The alluvial soil is
found mostly in the Northern Plains, starting from Punjab in the
west to West Bengal and Assam in the east. It is also found in the
deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers in the
Peninsular India. The northern parts and the coastal areas of
Gujarat also have some deposits of alluvial soil.Many rivers
originate from the Himalayan Mountains and bring a large amount of
sediment with them. It is deposited in the river valleys and the
flood plains. Thus, the parent material of the alluvial soils is
always of transported origin.The fine particles of sand, silt and
clay are called alluvium. The alluvial soil can be divided into old
alluvium, also called bangar, and new alluvium, called khadar.
Remember, the new alluvium can be about ten thousand years old.
Alluvial Soil
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BLACK SOIL6
BLACK SOIL Also known as Regur or Black Cotton soil. Dark grey
to Black in color. High clay content. Highly moisture retentive.
Develops cracks in summer. Highly suitable for cotton. Rich in
iron, lime, calcium, Magnesium, carbonates, and alumina.
BLACK SOIL7The black soil is mostly found in the Deccan Trap,
covering large areas of Maharashtra, Gujarat and western Madhya
Pradesh. It is also found in some parts of Godavari and Krishna
river valleys, covering parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu.This soil is made up of extremely fine clayey
material.The black soil is well-known for its capacity to hold
moisture.The black soil has been formed thousands of years ago, due
to the solidification of volcanic lava.During the rainy season,
black soil becomes sticky and is difficult to till as the plough
gets stuck in the mud.
BLACK SOIL8
RED SOIL
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RED SOIL Formed due to weathering of old crystalline rocks. More
sandy and less clayey. Rich in iron, small amount of Humus. Poor in
phosphorus, nitrogen and lime. Slightly acidic and do not retain
moisture. Porous and Friable.
RED SOIL
10Most of the red soil has been formed due to weathering of
igneous and metamorphic rocks.The red colour is due to the high
percentage of iron contents.The texture of the red soil varies from
sandy to clayey, and the majority being loamy.On the uplands, the
red soil is thin, poor, and porous and has loose gravel.In the
lower areas, the soil is deep, rich, fine grained and fertile.The
red soil occupies about 10 per cent area of India, mostly in the
south-eastern part of the Peninsular India. This area encircles the
entire black soil region. The red soil is found in Tamil Nadu,
parts of Karnataka, southeast Maharashtra, eastern parts of Andhra
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Jharkhand.
RED SOIL11
MOUNTAIN SOIL
12MOUNTAIN SOIL Found in hill slopes. Formed by deposition of
organic matter from forest. Rich in humus. Poor in Potash and Lime.
Areas: Assam, Kashmir, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh. Crops: Tea,
Coffee, Spices & Tropical Fruits.
MOUNTAIN SOIL
13The mountain soil is formed mainly due to the deposition of
organic matter provided by the forests.This soil is rich in humus,
but poor in potash, phosphorus and lime.It is heterogeneous in
nature and varies from place to place.The mountain soil is sandy
with gravels.The mountain soil is generally found on the hill
slopes covered with forests. In the Himalayan region such soil is
mainly found in the valley basins, the depressions and the lesser
steep slopes. The north-facing slopes generally support soil cover.
Apart from the Himalayan region, this soil is also found in the
Western and Eastern Ghats and in some parts of the Peninsular
India.
MOUNTAIN SOIL
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DESERT SOIL15
DESERT SOIL Contains soluble salts. Originated by Mechanical
disintegration & wind deposit. Porous and coarse. 90% sand
& 5% clay. Rich in Nitrates & Phosphates. Poor in Nitrogen
& Humus. Friable, sandy & low moist content.
DESERT SOIL16The desert soil is found mostly in the arid and
semi-arid regions, receiving less than 50 cm of annual rainfall.
Such regions are mostly found in Rajasthan and the adjoining areas
of Haryana and Punjab. The Ran of Kutch in Gujarat is an extension
of this region.The sand in the desert areas is partly of local
origin and partly being blown in from the Indus Valley.It includes
even the wind-blown loses.The desert soil has sand (90 to 95 per
cent) and clay (5 to 10 per cent).In some regions this soil has
high percentage of soluble salts, but lacks in organic matter.The
nitrogen content is low, but the phosphate content is as high as in
normal alluvial soil.
DESERT SOIL17
Saline & Alkaline soil
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SALINE & ALKALINE SOIL Contains salts like Sodium,
Magnesium, Calcium. Infertile, unfit for cultivation. Sandy to
loamy in texture. Areas: Parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab,
Haryana, U.P & Maharashtra.
Saline & Alkaline soil
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Peaty & Marshy soil
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PEATY AND MARSHY SOIL Occur in Humid region. Formed by
accumulation of organic matter. Black in colour. Highly acidic and
heavy. Areas: Kottayam & Alleppey in Kerala, Coastal Orissa,
Sundarbans of W.B
Peaty & Marshy soil
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Residual soils
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Residual soils are those that remain at the place of their
formation as result of the weathering of the parent rocks. The
depth of residual soils depends primarily on climatic conditions
and the time of espouser. In temperate zones residual soils are
commonly stiff and stable. An important characteristics of residual
soil is that the sizes of grains are indefinite.
Residual soils
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Marine soil
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MARINE soil is formed from materials carried into the seas by
streams and by material eroded from the beaches by the tidal action
of the waves. Part of the material is carried out and deposited in
deep water; part is heaped upon the beaches along the coast
Marine soil
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Glacial soil
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Glaciers carry with them soils varying in size from fine grained
to huge boulder. Soil get mixed with the ice and are transported
far away from their original position. Drift is a general term used
for the deposits made by glaciers
Glacial soil
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Aeolian soil
28A type of soil that is transported from one place to another
by the wind.e.g sand dunes,loess.
Aeolian soil
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