Trichomonas

TexonomyTexonomy

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Protista Phylum Phylum Protozoa Protozoa Subphylum Subphylum  Sarcomastigophora Sarcomastigophora  Class Mastigophora Class Mastigophora 

Genera TrichomonasGenera Trichomonas

Species Species T.feotus T.feotus

T.vaginalisT.vaginalis

T.gallinaeT.gallinae

General characteristicsGeneral characteristics Imp. Pathogen in cattle(host)Imp. Pathogen in cattle(host) Present in reproductive tract & on the Present in reproductive tract & on the

surface of the bull’s penis & prepucesurface of the bull’s penis & prepuce Prevelence was all over the world but now Prevelence was all over the world but now

decreasing due to AIdecreasing due to AI Transmitted to cows during coitusTransmitted to cows during coitus Most cows self-cure after developing Most cows self-cure after developing

immunity.immunity. Bulls however are permanent carriers and Bulls however are permanent carriers and

sources of infectionsources of infection

StructureStructure Pear shapedPear shaped Size 20 x 10 micron meterSize 20 x 10 micron meter 3 free flagella 3 free flagella anterioranterior (total 4) (total 4) 1 makes the undulating memberane1 makes the undulating memberane Microtubules forms tube like axostyle which forms Microtubules forms tube like axostyle which forms

the skeleton & gives shapethe skeleton & gives shape Axostyle which run from the nucleus down the Axostyle which run from the nucleus down the

center of the body and extend from the end of center of the body and extend from the end of the body.the body.

Possess an undulating membrane extend the Possess an undulating membrane extend the entire length entire length

Single nucleus is also presentSingle nucleus is also present Shows jerky movement in the fresh Shows jerky movement in the fresh

discharge of bull & cow due to the discharge of bull & cow due to the flagella and undulating memberaneflagella and undulating memberane

Type:Type: Mucosoflagellated Protozoa Mucosoflagellated Protozoa This is a parasite of the reproductive This is a parasite of the reproductive

tract of bovines.tract of bovines. The parasite is transmitted by coitusThe parasite is transmitted by coitus

Trichomonas foetusTrichomonas foetus

You are not responsible for this parasite!

Sign and Sign and symptoms:symptoms:

IN BULLIN BULL The severity of the disease varies from The severity of the disease varies from

mild to severmild to sever Asymptomatic in bullAsymptomatic in bull Inflammed prepuceInflammed prepuce IN FEMALEIN FEMALE Low grade inflammationLow grade inflammation SeveritySeverity Poor conception rate Poor conception rate

Pathogenesis:Pathogenesis:

      Early abortion occurs 1 to 16 weeks Early abortion occurs 1 to 16 weeks after fertilization. If the fetus and all after fertilization. If the fetus and all the fetal membranes are not excreted the fetal membranes are not excreted from the cow, the cow may die or from the cow, the cow may die or become sterile. If the fetus and the become sterile. If the fetus and the membranes are passed the cow may membranes are passed the cow may become immune to the parasitebecome immune to the parasite

Bulls serve as the carries.  The parasite Bulls serve as the carries.  The parasite can even survive in frozen semen.can even survive in frozen semen.

LIFE CYCLELIFE CYCLE Direct: Cattle become infected by direct Direct: Cattle become infected by direct

contact with the trophozoite stage during contact with the trophozoite stage during coituscoitus

cysts are not formedcysts are not formed Transmission may also occur during Transmission may also occur during

artificial inseminationartificial insemination Trophozoites multiply by asexual binary Trophozoites multiply by asexual binary

fissionfission Uterine discharge, irregular estrus cycles, Uterine discharge, irregular estrus cycles,

and permanent sterility can resultand permanent sterility can result

Cont....Cont.... If bull is infected with trichomonas, animal If bull is infected with trichomonas, animal

remain infected for whole liferemain infected for whole life These are present in the perpitual cavityThese are present in the perpitual cavity The pathogenic lesions that are associated The pathogenic lesions that are associated

with small vacuoles in the perpitual cavity with small vacuoles in the perpitual cavity They are transmitted from bull to cow by coitusThey are transmitted from bull to cow by coitus They move from vagina to uterusThey move from vagina to uterus When it is in uterus it causes LOW GRADE When it is in uterus it causes LOW GRADE

ENDOMATRITISENDOMATRITIS(heamorhage in uterus or (heamorhage in uterus or endometrium inflammation)endometrium inflammation)

If animal is pragnant abortion may occureIf animal is pragnant abortion may occure In cow-abortion before 4In cow-abortion before 4thth month otherwise cow month otherwise cow

normally recovered normally recovered The featel memberane retained & it causes The featel memberane retained & it causes

ENDOMETRITIS which disturbs the normal cycle ENDOMETRITIS which disturbs the normal cycle due to persistant discharge bcz cow remains in due to persistant discharge bcz cow remains in an esterus phase,cervix remains closed when an esterus phase,cervix remains closed when excessive virulent discharge from the female excessive virulent discharge from the female repr.tract due to T.featusrepr.tract due to T.featus

PYOMETRAPYOMETRA (pus in uterus) or it is (pus in uterus) or it is infection in uterusinfection in uterus

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Diagnosis is based on microscopic Diagnosis is based on microscopic evaluation of the trophozoite stageevaluation of the trophozoite stage

A positive diagnosis of bovine A positive diagnosis of bovine trichomoniasis requires the isolation trichomoniasis requires the isolation of trophozoites 10-15 microns long of trophozoites 10-15 microns long with 3 anterior flagella and a trailing with 3 anterior flagella and a trailing flagellum, seen by microscopic flagellum, seen by microscopic examination of vaginal mucus or examination of vaginal mucus or saline washings of preputial or fetal saline washings of preputial or fetal tissuestissues

Cont....Cont....

DischargeDischarge Serological use(Mucus agglutination Serological use(Mucus agglutination

test)test) SmearsSmears Culture remainsCulture remains

Treatment and ControlTreatment and Control By using AI(artificial insemination) By using AI(artificial insemination)

techniquetechnique Anti-protozool drugAnti-protozool drug No treatment for cows(autoimmune)No treatment for cows(autoimmune) Bulls can be treated, but the Bulls can be treated, but the

antitrichomonal salves used to treat,it antitrichomonal salves used to treat,it takes a lot of time and is expensivetakes a lot of time and is expensive

To control this parasite bulls that are To control this parasite bulls that are infected should not be put with a herd of infected should not be put with a herd of cowscows

Cont...Cont...

Infected bulls should be slaughtered, Infected bulls should be slaughtered, if not valuableif not valuable

Wash uterus with iodine solution with Wash uterus with iodine solution with antibodies for desiring of next antibodies for desiring of next parturationparturation