IB Biology SL 11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation Name:

Topic 11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation

1) Define the following terms.

Excretion

Homeostasis

Osmolarity

Osmoregulators

Osmoconformers

Ultrafiltration

2) Outline how nitrogenous wastes are formed. What is the product?

3) What is the form of nitrogenous wastes excreted in:

Fish Birds Insects Mammals

4) Explain how nitrogenous wastes are excreted in arthropods (insects).

5) Compare and contrast blood in the renal artery and the renal vein.

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IB Biology SL 11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation Name:

6) Draw and label a diagram of the human kidney. Include- cortex, medulla, pelvis, ureter, renal vein, & renal artery.

7) Outline the functions of the kidney.

8) Annotate a diagram of a nephron. Include glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct.

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IB Biology SL 11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation Name:

9) Outline how the structure of the glomerulus is related to its function. a. Fenestration

b. Podocytes

c. Basement membrane

10) Compare and contrast blood in the afferent arterioles of the glomerulus to blood in the efferent arterioles of the glomerulus.

Content (per dm-3 of blood plasma

Solutes Plasma filtrate

Na+ ions (mol)

Cl- ions (mol)

glucose (mol)

urea (mol)

proteins (mol)

11) Explain the process of ultrafiltration.

12) Compare and contrast active transport, cotransport, and osmosis.

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IB Biology SL 11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation Name:

13) Water is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). State the approximate percent of water that is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the PCT.

14) State two other substances that are also reabsorbed from the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule. What percent of those substances are reabsorbed?

15) Outline how each of the following substances is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Substance How it’s reabsorbed?

Sodium (Na+)

Chloride (Cl-)

Glucose & amino acids

Water

16) Explain selective reabsorption in the kidney.

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Descending limb Ascending limb

Collecting duct

IB Biology SL 11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation Name:

17) Annotate the diagram to show the movement of water and ions in each part of the loop of Henle.

18) Describe the permeability (the state or quality of a membrane that causes it to allow liquids or solutes to pass through it) of the loop of Henle to water and to ions.

19) ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is a globular protein produced in the posterior pituitary gland.

Define diuretic:

Define hormone:

Explain the role of the collecting duct (CD) and ADH (vasopressin) in controlling the water balance in the blood.

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IB Biology SL 11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation Name:

20) Annotate the diagram below in order to explain how osmoregulation uses negative feedback to keep the solute concentration of the blood at the right level.

21) What does a longer loop of Henle indicate in animals?

22) How does the loop on Henle utilize countercurrent exchange ?

23) Outline the consequences of dehydration and overhydration. Consequences of Dehydration Consequences of overhydration

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IB Biology SL 11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation Name:

24) Discuss the use of kidney dialysis in the place of a non-functioning kidney.

25) Outline how the presence of the following substances in urine can be used to check for health issues.

Blood cells

Glucose

Proteins

Drugs

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