5

Identification Redback spiders (Latrodectus hasselti) belong to the Family

Theridiidae,which is found worldwide.The notorious Black Widow Spider (Latrodectus sp) of the United States is a close relative of the Redback Spider, and only differs in appearance by the absence of a red dorsal stripe. Other species of Latrodectus occur in Africa, New Zealand (the Katipo), the Pacific Islands, Europe and North and South America. Female Redback Spiders are black (occasionally brownish) with an obvious orange to red longitudinal stripe on the upper abdomen, with the red stripe sometimes being broken, and an "hourglass" shaped red/orange spot on the underside of the abdomen. Juveniles have additional white markings on the abdomen. Females have a body about the size of a large pea and slender legs. The males' red markings are often less distinct. The body is light brown with white markings on the upper side of the abdomen, and a pale hour-glass marking on the underside.

Size range

*Female : 3 mm (0.3 cm)

* Male : 4 mm (0.4 cm)

Similar Species Grey House Spider, Cupboard Spider

Classification

Species : hasselti

Genus : Latrodectus

Family : Theridiidae

Order : Araneae

Class : Arachnida

Phylum : Arthropoda

Kingdom : Animalia

Redback Spider

4

Male Funnel-web Spider

Identifying Funnel-web Spiders * Shiny carapace * Deeply curved groove (fovea) * No obvious body pattern * Eyes closely grouped * Four spinnerets, largest with last segment longer than wide * Lower lip (labium) studded with short, blunt spines * Modified male second leg (usually with a mating spur or grouped spines) * An obvious, conical projection or 'spur' on the lower side of the middle segment (tibia) of the second leg (about halfway along) is characteristic of the genus Atrax, exemplified by the Sydney Funnel-web Spider, Atrax robustus. Males of all other funnel-web species (currently placed in the genus Hadronyche) either have a blunt, spine-covered tibial swelling, or a few spines only, on the second leg. Note also the mating organ on the male palp.

Suspects gallery These spiders are funnel-webs:

* Sydney Funnel-web Spider (Atrax robustus) male * Southern Tree Funnel-web Spider (Hadronyche cerberea)

These spiders are sometimes mistaken for funnel-webs: * Sydney Brown Trapdoor Spider (Misgolas rapax) male * Sydney Brown Trapdoor Spider (Misgolas rapax) female * Mouse Spider (Missulena sp) female * Bymaniella near Guyra, New South Wales * Black house spider (Badumna insignis)

198 potential funnel-web spider bites were identified: 138 were definite (spider expertly identified to species or genus), and 77 produced severe envenoming. All species-identified severe cases were attributed to one of six species restricted to NSW and southern Queensland. Rates of severe envenoming were: Hadronyche cerberea (75%), H. formidabilis (63%), Atrax robustus (17%), Hadronyche sp. 14 (17%), H. infensa (14%) and H. versuta (11%). Antivenom was used in 75 patients, including 22 children (median dose, 3 ampoules; range, 1–17), with a complete response in 97% of expertly identified cases. Three adverse reactions were reported, all in adults: two early allergic reactions (one mild and one with severe systemic effects requiring adrenaline), and one case of serum sickness.

Funnel-web spider bite

Funnel-web spider Venom Average Venom Qty 0.14 mg ( dry weight ), Sutherland and Tibballs (2001) ( Ref : R001112 ). * General : Venom Neurotoxins (Excitatory neurotoxins) * General : Venom Myotoxins (Not present ) * General : Venom Procoagulants (Not present) * General : Venom Anticoagulants (Not present) * General : Venom Haemorrhagins (Not present) * General : Venom Nephrotoxins (Not present) *General : Venom Cardiotoxins (Secondary cardiotoxicity only) * General : Venom Necrotoxins (Not present) * General : Venom Other (Not present or not significant)

Clinical Effects * General : Dangerousness (Severe envenoming possible, potentially lethal) * General : Rate of Envenoming: 10-20% * General : Untreated Lethality Rate (Most cases minor, but in severe cases, high lethality rate if untreated.) * General : Local Effects (Local pain only) * General : Local Necrosis (Does not occur, based on current clinical Evidence) * General : General Systemic Effects (Headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, coma, rarely convulsions.) * General : Myotoxicity (Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence) * General : Coagulopathy & Haemorrhages (Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence) * General : Renal Damage (Does not occur, based on current clinical Evidence) * General : Cardiotoxicity (Rare, usually secondary) * General : Other (Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence)

Treatment Treatment Summary Funnel web spider bites, though mostly minor, can cause severe, even fatal envenoming rapidly, so all cases should be managed as a medical emergency. At the first sign of systemic envenoming, IV CSL Funnel Web Spider Antivenom should be given, 2-4 vials initially, depending on severity, followed by further doses if envenoming persists or recurs. Key Diagnostic Features Painful bite, rapid development of systemic envenoming, with perioral tingling, tongue fasciculation, headache, nausea, increased sweating, salivation, lachrymation, piloerection, hypertension, pulmonary oedema. General Approach to Management All cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal. Rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom (if indicated & available) is mandatory. Admit all cases. Antivenom Therapy Antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming. Multiple doses may be required.

Taxonomy and

Biology

* Suborder:

Mygalomorphae

* Family:

Hexathelidae

* Genus:

Atrax

* Species:

robustus

•Common Names :

Sydney Funnel Web

•Spider

* Region :

Australia

* Countries :

Australia

3 B

lack

Wid

ow

Sp

ider

Description/Identification

*Female black widow spiders are about .5 inch long, to about 1.5 inches long when the legs are spread. *Males are about half the female's size, with smaller bodies and longer legs. *Both females and males have shiny, globular abdomens and are mostly black, and sometimes brown. *Females usually have a reddish hourglass shape on the underside of their abdomens. In some species the females have a series of red spots and two crosswise bars on the underbelly. *Male black widows frequently have yellow and red bands and spots over their backs, as do both sexes of black widows in their immature stages. *Newly hatched spiderlings are predominately white or yellowish-white, gradually acquiring more black and varying amounts of red and white with each molt. *Juveniles of both sexes resemble the male and are harmless to humans.

Geography – Range Black widow spiders inhabit most of the warmer regions of the world to a latitude of about 45 degrees N and S. They occur throughout all four deserts of the American Southwest.

Comparisons The brown widow spider (Latrodectus geometricus) is not as

dangerous as some other widow spiders because the brown

widow spider is less likely to bite someone, and injects less

poison. Still, it is a venomous creature, and must be treated

with respect. It is found throughout the world's tropical

regions, and has been introduced into southern Texas, central

and southern Florida, and has now also been found in

southern California.

Hundreds of Australians are bitten every year by the red-back

spider (Latrodectus hasselti), a close relative of the black

widow spider. The red-back is found in all parts of Australia

except in the hottest deserts and on the coldest mountains.

Food & Hunting Like most arachnids, the black widow preys on insects. Prey caught in the web include a variety of insects (cockroaches and beetles) and other arthropods. After ensnaring its prey in the web, the black widow makes small punctures in the victim's body and sucks out the liquid contents. The black widow is preyed upon by mud-dauber wasps.

What a Bite Looks and Feels Like A person who gets bitten by a black widow spider might not know it right away, since the bite can sometimes feel like a little pinprick. After 30 to 40 minutes, though, the area of the bite will swell and hurt a lot, and sometimes a person can get achy all over. Other symptoms can include weakness, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and headache.

What You Should Do If you ever think that you've been bitten by a black widow spider, tell an adult immediately. Black widow spider bites rarely kill people, but it's important to get medical attention as soon as you can because they can make you very sick. With an adult's help, wash the bite well with soap and water. Then apply an ice pack to the bite, and try to elevate the area and keep it still to help prevent the spread of venom (poison). If it's possible, have an adult catch and bring the spider to the doctor's office with you. Even though it's usually easy to identify black widows, you'll want to make sure that's the kind of spider that bit you. The spider can be killed first before you bring it with you; just be sure not to squish it so much that no one can tell what it is.

Classification

Black Widow

Spiders

* Genus: Latrodectus * Phylum: Arthropoda * Sub Phylum: Chelicerata * Class: Arachnida * Order: Araneae * Sub Order: Labidognatha * Family: Theridiidae * Species: 6 * Weight: 1 gram. * Length: 1-1.5" * Span: 1-3" * Sexual Maturity: 70-90 days. * Mating Season: Spring * Incubation: 14-30 days * No. of Eggs: 250-700/sac * Birth Interval: 4 to 9 egg sacs/summer * Lifespan: up to 3 years * Typical Diet: insects

2 Brown Recluse Spider

Identification * Brown recluse spiders have 6 eyes arranged in pairs with a space separating the pairs .Most spiders have 8 eyes in two rows of four. Seeing this feature clearly requires a good quality hand lens. * Brown recluse spiders have a dark violin shape on the cephalothorax (the portion of the body to which the legs attach). The neck of the violin Points backward toward the abdomen. * Brown recluse spiders have uniformly light-colored legs – no stripes, no bands. * Brown recluse spiders have a uniformly-colored abdomen which can Vary from cream to dark brown depending on what it has eaten; however, it will never have two colors of pigment at the same time.

Identification •Brown recluse spiders do not have spines on the legs, only fine hairs.

* Brown recluse spiders make small retreat webs behind objects, never out in the open. * Brown recluse spiders bodies are less than half an inch (actual body Length is 3/8 of an inch).That means the body without legs is less than the length of a dime.

Geography – Range The brown recluse spider is most common in the south and

central states of the United States, especially in Missouri,

Kansas, Arkansas, Louisiana, eastern Texas, and Oklahoma.

However, the spider has been found in several large cities

outside this range.

The brown recluse spider prefers dark, sheltered areas such

as under porches and in woodpiles.

Brown recluse spiders like undisturbed places for their webs. They hunt primarily at night and will take refuge during the daytime in clothing and bedding, and are often found in unused closets and storerooms, behind furniture, and in baseboard cracks and crevices. Outside, they can be found in foundation cracks, cracks in the soil, and window wells. The brown recluse spider prefers food such as firebrats, crickets, cockroaches and other soft bodied creatures. Earning their name well, the brown recluse spider ceases its wanderings at first light. The brown recluse spider is a non-aggressive spider and will only bite when disturbed. Usually, the brown recluse spider bite is not felt at the time of occurrence, and pain sets in from six to eight hours later. A typical bite area may resemble a pimple, pustule or blister formation from six to 12 hours later. The bites are unpleasant, producing an ulcerous wound called a necrotic lesion that turns dark within a day and takes a long time to heal. See Symptoms of Brown Recluse Spider bite and information on how to treat the bite.

Brown Recluse Spiders Behavior

Brown Recluse Spider Biology

Brown recluse spiders measure 6 to 11 mm in body length and are golden brown in color with long, thin legs. Their bodies are covered in fine, dark hair. Brown recluse spiders are most easily identified by a characteristic fiddle or violin pattern near the head region and six eyes arranged in pairs. Both characteristics must be seen to positively identify it as a recluse. Brown recluse spiders are also known as violin or fiddle-back spiders as a result of these markings. The fiddle shape is light to dark brown in color. One female brown recluse spider may produce up to five egg sacs with as many as 300 eggs in each sac. Within 25 to 39 days, newly hatched spiders will emerge.

Young brown recluse spiders are slow to grow and may reach maturity

within 10 to 12 months. Their development is influenced by factors such

as food and weather conditions. However, brown recluse specimens are

capable of surviving for extended periods without food or water.

These spiders are nocturnal, emerging at night to hunt for small prey.

The webs of brown recluses are small, loose and irregular. Unlike some

spider species, they do not use their webs to trap prey.

Brown Recluse Spider Biology

What a Bite Looks and Feels Like A person who gets bitten by a brown recluse spider may

not notice anything at first or only feel a little sting at first.

After about 4 to 8 hours, the sting will start to hurt a little

more. It might look like a bruise or might form a blister

surrounded by a bluish-purple area that turns black or

brown and becomes crusty after a few days.

What You Should Do If you ever think that you've been bitten by a brown recluse spider, tell an adult immediately. Brown recluse spider bites rarely kill people, but it's important to get medical attention as soon as you can because they can make you pretty sick. With an adult's help, wash the bite well with soap and water. You can also apply ice to the area, elevate it, and keep it still. If it's possible, have an adult catch and bring the spider to the doctor's office with you — this is important because it can sometimes be hard to diagnose a spider bite correctly. The spider can be killed first before you bring it with you; just be sure not to squish it so much that no one can tell what it is.

How to Avoid Getting Bitten

The best way to avoid getting bitten by brown recluse spiders is to be

careful in areas where they like to spend time. Don't play around in

rock piles or woodpiles. If you are working outside in the yard in big

piles of logs or leaves, wear gloves.

Be sure to shake out blankets and clothing that have been stored in

the attic or the basement, or if they have been in a closet but not used

for a long time.

If you keep your shoes in a mudroom or garage, shake them out

before putting them on.

The brown recluse's body doesn't grow to be larger than 1/2 inch. If you're looking at a spider that's larger than this, it's a different type of spider.

Body width

Brown Recluse Spider Classification

* Kingdom : Animals * Phylum : Arthropods * Subphylum : Chelicerates * Class : Arachnids * Order : Spiders

*Infraorder : True Spiders *Family : Recluse Spiders *Genus : Recluse Spiders *Species : Brown Recluse

1 Brazilian Wandering Spider

Appearance Brazilian wandering spiders are large, with bodies reaching up to two

inches (5 centimeters) and leg spans reaching five or six inches (12 to 15 cm). The species vary in color, though all are mostly brown and may have a black spot on their bellies. Their most distinctive physical characteristic is seen under threat: if frightened, Brazilian wandering spiders lift their two front legs up high in a dramatic and intimidating posture. This exposes the scarlet hair surrounding the fangs on some species. Their threatened stance serves as a “back off” gesture, indicating to predators that the poisonous spider is ready to attack.

Identifying * Note the color of the spider; most wandering spiders will be yellow-brown and have black stripes.

* Take note of the eyes. Their 8 eyes are arranged in 3 rows. The first row has 2 eyes, the second row has 4 eyes and the third row has 2 very widely separated large eyes.

•Look at the legs; they will have black bands and each leg has 2 or sometimes 3 claws.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Behavior These arachnids are called “wandering” because of their hunting behavior. Unlike most spiders that catch their prey in webs, these spiders wander on the ground, searching for prey, which they kill by both ambush and direct attack. They spend most of their days hiding under logs or in crevices, and come out to hunt at night. They eat insects, other spiders, and sometimes, small amphibians, reptiles and mice. Brazilian wandering spiders prefer forest floor environments with dark, moist leaf vegetation. They’re also often found at banana plantations, living under dried banana leaves. These spiders are known to come to cities and human dwellings, and there are known populations in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Because of the toxicity of their bite and their alarming-looking posture, these spiders have a reputation for being aggressive. But these are actually defense behaviors. They will only bite or raise their front legs if they feel threatened.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Habitats

* Spot these spiders on the ground, or inside homes during daylight hours when they tend to hide from the light. Some common places to spot them are: In the folds of linens and clothes Boxes •Shoes and boots •Cars * Firewood piles * Outdoor sheds and garages * Closets (or any dark, secluded spaces in a house)

Brazilian Wandering Spider Reproduction All spiders produce silk, a thin, strong protein

strand extruded by the spider from spinnerets most commonly found on the end of the abdomen. Many species use it to trap insects in webs, although there are many species that hunt freely such as the Brazilian Wandering spider. Silk can be used to aid in climbing, form smooth walls for burrows, build egg sacs, wrap prey and temporarily hold sperm, among other applications. Brazilian Wandering spiders reproduce by means of eggs, which are packed into silk bundles called egg sacs. The male spider must (in most cases) make a timely departure after mating to escape before the females normal predatory instincts return.

Mature male spiders have swollen bulbs on the end of their palps for this purpose and this is a useful way to identify whether the spider is male or female. Once the sperm is inside the female spider, she stores it in a chamber and only uses it during the egg-laying process, when the eggs come into contact with the male sperm for the first time and are fertilized. The Brazilian Wandering spiders life cycle is 1 - 2 years.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Reproduction

Know what a Brazilian wandering spider is. Here are some key chara cteristics. * Physical features: Up to 1” (25 mm) long with a leg span of up to 5” (127 mm) * Venomous: Yes * Lives in: South and Central America Eats *This spider is an active hunter. It will eat crickets, lizards, insects and mice.

Braz

ilian

Wan

deri

ng S

pide

r Ra

nge

Brazilian wandering spider bite Scientists have been studying Brazilian wandering spiders’ bites since the 1920s, and have discovered that their venom is a complex cocktail of toxins, proteins and peptides. It affects ion channels and chemical receptors in victims’ neuromuscular systems, leading to symptoms such as paralysis, edema, inflammation of the throat and lungs, salivation, convulsions, and more —including priapism (painful erections mentioned above). Children under 10 are at the greatest risk of death by Brazilian wandering spider bite. Regardless of age, if bitten, one should seek medical attention immediately. Not all bites have a full dose of venom, and if a bite is small painkillers may be prescribed. A 2008 Brazilian study revealed that only 2.3 percent of bites were treated with antivenom, and that as of that year, only ten deaths had ever been attributed to the spider’s bite in Brazil. According to the study, “Cases of serious envenomation are rare (0.5 percent).”

Venom from world's deadliest Brazilian Wandering Spider It sounds like a most unlikely aphrodisiac. But scientists have discovered the venom from what’s considered the world’s deadliest spider could be the secret to bolstering a man’s love life. Toxins produced by the Brazilian Wandering Spider, or Phoneutria nigriventer, appear to combat erectile dysfunction within 20 minutes of entering the body. Tests carried out on rats show the venom boosts performance by increasing the release of nitric oxide, a chemical that dilates blood vessels and improves blood flow. This is similar to how existing impotence drugs work.

Venom from world's deadliest Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is responsible for killing more people than any other arachnid. Victims usually die within an hour of being bitten. It is also known as the banana spider because of its habit of stowing away in shipments of the fruit. In 2008, a supermarket in Chatham, Kent, was forced to close after an assistant spotted one of the spiders under a box of bananas as she stacked them. One in ten men in the UK suffers erectile dysfunction at some point in their lives.

Brazilian Wandering spider bite symptoms

*Extremely painful bite and immediate pain. * Heavy perspiration and drooling

Brazilian Wandering spider Bite Treatment

* Seek medical attention immediately. * Keep the patient calm and quiet to avoid spreading the venom. * An antivenin is available for the bite.

Tx2-6 causes male painful erection Brazilian wandering spider bite

Tx2-6 is another component of the venom of the Brazilian wandering spider bite. The neurotoxin causes a painful erection for men which may last for four hours. Bitten persons can also experience drooling and heavy perspiration. The Brazilian wandering bite symptoms surely is scary and threatening. It is important to seek medical attention within 45 minutes right after being bitten by this kind of spider.

Brazilian wandering spider Classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Arachnida

Order: Araneae

Family: Ctenidae

Genus: Phoneutria

Ways to Control Spiders in Your Home and Workplace

Outdoors * Remove or reduce trash and rubbish from your home or workplace (eg. woodpiles, boxes, plywood, tires, empty containers, etc.) * Keep the outside perimeter of the house free from tall grass, weeds or shrubs especially near the foundation. * Wear protective clothing, including gloves and covered shoes, when working outdoors. * Always check items that have been stored in the garage or in a shed or outdoors for spiders, webs or sacks before bringing item indoors. Keep items like gloves or shoes in zip lock bags or sealed containers.

Ways to Control Spiders in Your Home and Workplace

Indoors * Keep beds away from the walls. * Don't store boxes or any items under your bed. * Keep dust ruffles or bed skirts from touching the floor. * Don't store shoes on the floor or any clothes, towels or other linens (always shake out shoes and clothes before using). * Store sports equipment like roller-skates, gardening clothes, gloves, ski boots in plastic bags that are tightly sealed with no holes.

* Vacuum under furniture, closets, under heaters, around all baseboards and other areas of the house to eliminate habitat. * Keep screens on windows and fix or replace screens with holes or that don't fit snugly. * Seal doors with weather stripping and door sweeps. * Seal cracks and access holes for electrical conduits or plumbing. * Remove spider webs and egg sags when found.

Ways to Control Spiders in Your Home and Workplace

Indoors

Learn More..

Click Here

See Facebook Status Update & Action Like t5lists On Facebook Page

Follow Us on

Share This Presentation On Your

Yes Those Are Clickable Buttons

Prepared By

http://www.top5list.net

Thanks All Viewer