“Smallholder Cassava Production”

Tin Maung Aye

CIAT Bangkok Office

Start-up Stakeholders’ WorkshopFood, Feed, Fuel, and Fiber for a Greener Future Project

Hanoi, Viet Nam 22-24 June 2009

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

In Southeast Asia

Cassava is traditionally grown as a subsistence crop, it is one of the main sources of food calories for many people, especially those living in remote rural areas

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

The crop is becoming an economically important crop for smallholder farmers

This crop not only provide farmers with food, feed and income

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

but also act as catalysts that can transform subsistence farming into income-generating farming, allowing smallholder farmers to join the market economy

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Cassava production

Produced mainly by smallholder farmers with local varieties

No inputs except for family labor

It can be grown on poor soils with prolong dry periods

Usually get low yields

World Cassava Germplam Collection Over 6000 accessions

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Country Variety nameYear of release

Clonal code or pedigree Location of hybridization

Main features

Cambodia Malaysia 2) KM 94 = KU 50 KU high yield, high starchChina Nanzhi 188 1987 CM321-188 CIAT high yield

Nanzhi 199 1987 MPan19 CIAT high yield, high starchGR 891 1998 MCol2215 CIAT high yield, high starchGR 911 1998 MBra35xCM523-7 CIAT high yieldSC5 2002 ZM9057 CATAS high yieldSC 6 2002 OMR33-10-4 RFCRC high starchSC 7 2005 ZM8639 CATAS high yieldSC 8 2005 CMR38-120-10 RFCRC high yieldGui Re 3 2006 CMR 36-31-1 RFCRC high yield, high starch

Philippines

VC-1 1986 CM323-52 CIAT high yield

VC-2 1988 CMC40 Brazil high yield, edibleVC-3 1990 CM3590-1 CIAT dual purposeVC-4 1990 CM4014-3 CIAT high yield, dual purposeVC-5 1990 MCol1684 Colombia high yield, bitterPSB Cv-11 1995 CM3419-2A CIAT dual purposePSB Cv-12 1995 SM972-20 CIAT dual purposePSB Cv-15 1999 CM3422-1 CIAT dual purposePSB Cv-19 2000 SM808-1 CIAT mite resistantNSIC Cv-22 2008 Kasetsart 50 KU high yield, high starch

Thailand Rayong 3 1983 MMex 55xMVen 307 CIAT high starchRayong 2 1984 MCol 113xMCol 22 CIAT for snack foodRayong 60 1987 MCol 1684xRayong 1 RFCRC high early yieldSriracha 1 1991 MCol 113xMCol 22xRayong 1 KU high DMRayong 90 1991 CMC 76xV 43=CMR 21-1 RFCRC high DM, rel. high yieldKasetsart 50 1992 R1xR90=MKUC28-77-3 KU high yield, high DMRayong 5 1994 CMR27-77-10xR3=OMR25-105-112 RFCRC rel. high yield, high DMRayong 72 1999 Rayong 1xRayong 5 RFCRC high yield, drought tol.Huay Bong 60 2003 R5xKasetsart50 = MKUC 34-114-206 KU high yield, high starchRayong 7 2005 CMR35-64-1=CMR30-71-25xOMR29-20-118 RFCRC high yield, high starchRayong 9 2005 CMR35-48-196=CMR31-19-23xOMR29-20-118 RFCRC good for ethanol productionHuay Bong 80 2008 R5xKasetsart50 KU high yield, high starch

Vietnam KM 60 1993 Rayong 60 RFCRC high early yieldKM 94 1995 Kasetsart 50 KU high yield, high starchSM 937-26 1995 SM937-26 CIAT high yield, high starchKM 95 1995 OMR33-17-15 RFCRC high yield; dual purposeKM 95-3 1998 SM1157-3 RFCRC high yield; dual purposeKM 98-7 1998 SM17-17-12 CIAT high yieldKM 98-1 1999 Rayong 1 x Rayong 5 RFCRC high yield; dual purposeKM 140 2005 KM36xKM98-1 IAS high yield, dual purpose, earlyKM 98-5 2005 Rayong 90xKM 98-1 IAS high yield, dual purpose, early

CIAT-related1) cassava varieties that have been released in Asia and their most important characteristics.

Cassava Clonal Evaluation in Nonghed district, Xieng Khoung,

Lao PDRElevation 1318 masl

N 19ْ 30’ 23.0” E 104ْ 03’ 47.6”

Assessment of cassava true seeds from the CIAT breeding program in

Colombia

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Farmers can grow as a cash crop with little investment (such as fertilizers)

Can farmers produce cassava without inputs on marginal soils?

Soil Productivity Decline

due to

1) Nutrient Depletion

2) Erosion

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

cassava

upland rice

Years of continuous cropping

Rela

tive y

ield

(%

)

Yield reduction of upland rice and cassava due to fertility decline as a result of continuous cropping without fertilizer application. 100% corresponds to 18.9 t/ha of fresh cassava roots and 2.55 t/ha of rice)Source: adapted from Nguyen Tu Siem, 1992.

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2 3 4

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Research has shown that cassava production can result in serious erosion

but that there are many simple cultural and soil conservation practices that can reduce erosion

Farmers seldom adopt soil conservation practices

because most of these practices require additional money or labor and do not provide any short-term economic benefits

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Research has shown that various agronomic and soil conservation practices are very effective in reducing erosion and maintain soil fertility, and will also increase cassava yields

1.Maintaining adequate soil fertility using fertilizers, animal manures, green manures or alley cropping

2.Planting contour hedgerows of grasses or legumes

3.Contour plowing and ridging

4.Intercropping

5.Mulch application

6.Minimum tillage

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Fertilizer application improves canopy development and markedly reduces runoff and erosion

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

With adequate and well-balanced fertilizer application, high yields can be maintained for at least 27 years of continuous cassava production on the same land

Double row hedgerows of Tephrosia candida

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Hedgerows of Paspalum atratum

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Contour hedgerows (Seven years after planting Contour hedgerows (Seven years after planting vetiver grass) caused the of natural terraces vetiver grass) caused the of natural terraces

formationformation

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Intercropping: intensify land resource, stabilize cash flow and prevent soil erosion

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Cassava Erosion Control Treatments(Tuyen Quang, VN)

Erosion Control TreatmentsRoot Yield(t/ha)

Soil Loss(t/ha)

Cassava MonocropNo Hedgerows

32 18.0

Cassava Intercrop with Peanut (2 rows)No Hedgerows

31 8.6

Cassava Intercrop with Peanut (2 rows)Tephrosia Hedgerows

34 3.6

Cassava Intercrop with Peanut (2 rows)Stylo Hedgerows

32 6.8

Cassava Intercrop with Peanut (2 rows)Paspalum Hedgerows

36 3.2

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Cassava Intercropping with Legumes(Tuyen Quang, VN)

IntercroppingTreatments

CassavaRoot Yield

(t/ha)

LegumeYield(t/ha)

Economic Yield

compared toMonocrop

(%)

Cassava Monocrop(farmer practice)

39 -- --

Cassava w/ 2 rowsPeanut

41 1.4 + 73 %

Cassava w/ 2 rowsSoybean

35 0.8 - 5 %

Cassava with 2 rowsBlack Bean (cowpea)

42 0.6 + 66 %

No Treatments Dry soil loss (t/ha)1. Traditional practice: no fertilizer or lime, no

hedgerows, 2 stakes/hill, no ridging, 0.9 m x 0.9 m

16.8

2. No ridging, with fertilizers and lime; no hedgerows, 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m

11

3. Intercrop with 2 rows of peanut; with fertilizers and lime; no hedgerows, 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m

8.5

4. Hedgerow of pineapple; with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m

10

5. Hedgerow of Paspalum atratum; with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m

6.6

6. Hedgerow of Tephrosia candida; with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m

7.4

7. Hedgerow of vetiver grass (Vietnam); with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m

8.02

8. Closer plant spacing (0.7 m x 0.7 m); with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; no hedgerow

8.44

9. Contour ridging, with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m, no hedgerows

8.1

10. Up-down ridging, with fertilizers and lime; 1 stake/hill; 0.9 x 0.9 m, no hedgerows

30

Results of Soil Erosion Control Trial (Xieng Khouang, Lao PDR in 2007/08)

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Mulching

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Cassava pestsMealybugs WhitefliesMites

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Cassava disease Cassava bacterial blight (CBB)Mycoplasm?

Enhance sustainable cassava-based cropping

systems by increasing soil fertility and reducing soil

erosion

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Increase labor efficiency and reduce women’s

workload

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

integrating cassava and improved cropping and

livestock management strategies into upland farming

systems using participatory approaches to technology

development

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

“Improving the Livelihoods of Smallholder Upland Farmers in Lao PDR and Cambodia Through Improved and Integrated Cassava-based Cropping and Livestock Systems” (April 2004 - March 2009)

Funded by

“Improving the Livelihoods of Smallholder Upland Farmers in Lao PDR, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam Through More Productive and Sustainable Cassava-based Cropping and Livestock Systems” (April 2009 - March 2014)

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

C e ntro In te rna c io na l d e Ag ric ultu ra Tro p ic a lIn te rna tio na l C e nte r fo r Tro p ic a l Ag ric u ltu re

Bright Future!