ZAHORIK;ZAHORIK;Science – Research Science – Research ConceptionsConceptions

Theory – Philosophy Theory – Philosophy ConceptionsConceptions

Art – Craft ConceptionsArt – Craft Conceptions

SCIENCE – SCIENCE – RESEARCH RESEARCH

CONCEPTIONSCONCEPTIONSOperationalOperationaliizing Learning zing Learning PrinciplesPrinciples

Following a Tested ModelFollowing a Tested Model

Doing What Effective Teachers DoDoing What Effective Teachers Do

SCIENCE-RESEARCH SCIENCE-RESEARCH CONCEPTIONSCONCEPTIONS

• Derived from research Derived from research

• Supported by experimention and Supported by experimention and empirical investigationsempirical investigations

ZAHORIK;ZAHORIK;

Operationalizing learning Operationalizing learning principlesprinciples

Following a tested modelFollowing a tested model

Doing what effective teachers doDoing what effective teachers do

OPERATIONALIZING OPERATIONALIZING LEARNING PRINCIPLESLEARNING PRINCIPLES

• Developing teaching principles from Developing teaching principles from research on research on memory,transfer,motivation and memory,transfer,motivation and other factorsother factors

• In general education; In general education; • Mastery learning Mastery learning • Programmed learningProgrammed learning

IN TESOL;IN TESOL;

AudiolingualismAudiolingualism

TasTaskk-Based Language Teaching-Based Language Teaching

Learner TrainingLearner Training

AUDIOLINGUALISMAUDIOLINGUALISM

Derived from research on learning Derived from research on learning associated with behavioral psychologyassociated with behavioral psychology

Learning can be successfully manipulated;Learning can be successfully manipulated; A stimulusA stimulus ResponseResponse ReinforcementReinforcement

TASK-BASED LANGUAGE TASK-BASED LANGUAGE TEACHINGTEACHING

• Second language acquisition Second language acquisition research shows that successful research shows that successful language learning involves in language learning involves in NEGOTIATION IN MEANINGNEGOTIATION IN MEANING

LEARNER TRAINING LEARNER TRAINING

• Research on the cognitive styles Research on the cognitive styles and learning strategiesand learning strategies

• Observing learners Observing learners • Probing learnersProbing learners

FOLLOWING A TESTED FOLLOWING A TESTED MODELMODEL

applying the results of empirical or applying the results of empirical or experimental research to teaching experimental research to teaching

‘‘a view of good teaching is developed a view of good teaching is developed through logical reasoningand previous through logical reasoningand previous research;good teaching is defined in research;good teaching is defined in terms of specific acts’terms of specific acts’

teachers’ question and wait timeteachers’ question and wait time

DOING WHAT EFFECTIVE DOING WHAT EFFECTIVE DODO

deriving teaching principles from deriving teaching principles from studies of the practises of studies of the practises of effective teacherseffective teachers

identifying effective teachersidentifying effective teachers

studying their teaching practisesstudying their teaching practises

THEORY – THEORY – PHPHIILOSOPHY LOSOPHY

CONCEPTCONCEPTIIONSONS

Theory – Based ApproachesTheory – Based Approaches

Values – Based ApproachesValues – Based Approaches

Theory – Based Theory – Based ApproachesApproaches

Communicative Communicative Language TeachingLanguage Teaching

Silent WaySilent Way

Values – Based Values – Based ApproachesApproaches

Literature in the Language Literature in the Language CurriculumCurriculumSchool – Based Curriculum School – Based Curriculum DevelopmentDevelopmentThe Teacher as Action ResearcherThe Teacher as Action ResearcherTeam TeachingTeam TeachingHumanistic ApproachesHumanistic ApproachesLearner – Centered CurriculumLearner – Centered CurriculumReflective TeachingReflective Teaching

ART – CRAFT ART – CRAFT CONCEPTIONSCONCEPTIONS

“ “ The essence of this view of good The essence of this view of good teaching is invention and teaching is invention and personalization. A good teacher is a personalization. A good teacher is a person who assesses the needs and person who assesses the needs and possibilities of a situation and possibilities of a situation and creates and uses practices that creates and uses practices that have promise for that situation.”have promise for that situation.”

ZAHORIKZAHORIK

A Good Teacher is Seen A Good Teacher is Seen AAs One Who ;s One Who ;

Analyses a situationAnalyses a situation

Realizes that a range of options Realizes that a range of options is available based on the is available based on the particular class circumstancesparticular class circumstances

Selects an alternative which is Selects an alternative which is likely to be most effective for the likely to be most effective for the circumstancescircumstances

THE ESSENTIAL THE ESSENTIAL SKILLS OF SKILLS OF TEACHINGTEACHING

1.1. Science – Research Science – Research Conceptions:Conceptions:

Understand the learning Understand the learning principlesprinciples

Develop tasks and activities Develop tasks and activities based on the learning based on the learning principlesprinciples

Monitor students’ performance Monitor students’ performance on tasks to see that desired on tasks to see that desired performance is being achievedperformance is being achieved

2. Theory – Philosophy 2. Theory – Philosophy Conceptions:Conceptions:

Understand the theory and the Understand the theory and the principlesprinciples

Select syllabi, materials and Select syllabi, materials and tasks based on the theorytasks based on the theory

Monitor your teaching to see Monitor your teaching to see that it conforms to the theorythat it conforms to the theory

3. Values – Based 3. Values – Based Conceptions:Conceptions:

Understand the values behind Understand the values behind the approachthe approach

Select only those educational Select only those educational means which conform to these means which conform to these valuesvalues

Monitor the implementation Monitor the implementation process to ensure that the value process to ensure that the value system is being maintainedsystem is being maintained

4. Art – Craft 4. Art – Craft Conceptions:Conceptions:

Treat each teaching situation as Treat each teaching situation as uniqueunique

Identify the particular Identify the particular characteristics of each situationcharacteristics of each situation

Try out different teaching Try out different teaching strategiesstrategies

Develop personal approaches to Develop personal approaches to teachingteaching