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THE MAJOR SCIENTIFIC
AND TECHNOLOGICAL
EVENTS
1945-2015
ERASMUS+
70 YEARS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY 1945-2016
TRANSISTOR
1947
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to ampify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power.
The first working transistor was constructed by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain in
December 16, 1947. The following year , William Bradford Shockley from the same
laboratory developed a theory junction transistor, which has managed to build in the
1950s.
For the invention of the transistor they received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956.
DNA STRUCTURE
1953
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a model of the
structure of DNA as a double helix based on the work of Rosalind
Franklin, for which in 1962 were awarded the Nobel Prize.
The double helix is a fundamental element of the spatial structure
of the DNA molecule .
ARTIFICIAL
SATELLITE
1957
.
The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the
Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet
Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer
(there is a crater on the lunar far side which bears his
name). This in turn triggered the Space Race between the
Soviet Union and the United States.
THE DISCOVERY
OF A PULSAR
1967
Pulsar is a highly magnetized, rotating
neutron star that emits a beam of
electromagnetic radiation.
The precise periods of pulsars make
them useful tools. Observations of
a pulsar in a binary neutron star
system were used to indirectly
confirm the existence of
gravitational radiation. The first
extrasolar planets were discovered
around a pulsar, PSR B1257+12.
Certain types of pulsars rival atomic
clocks in their accuracy in keeping
time.
The Vela Pulsar and its surrounding pulsar wind nebula.
THE HAYFLICK LIMIT
1965
In 1965 Hayflick observed that cells are able
to divide a limited number of times, and the
closer the limit the more the signs of aging
show.
Hayflick limit is considered to be one of the
causes of human aging.
Hayflick limit is the number of times a normal human cell population will divide until cell division stops.
Cybernetics base
1948
Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for
exploring regulators systems, Their structures,
constraints, and Possibilities. Cybernetics is
relevant to the study of systems, such as
mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive,
and social systems.
In 1948, Jewish American
mathematician Norbert Wiener
formulated the basics of
cybernetics -
Astronauts
walk
on the Moon1969
They spent about two and a quarter
hours together outside the
spacecraft, and collected 47.5
pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material for
return to Earth.
Apollo 11 was the first spaceflight that landed humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20,
1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first to step onto the lunar surface six hours later on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later.
Astronaunt jumps up
First computer1969
Ted Hoff builds the first
single-chip computer or
microprocessor.
In November, 1971, a company called Intelpublicly introduced the world's first single chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stanley
Mazor.
First
mobile phone1973
Martin Cooper
develops the first
handheld
cellphone (mobile
phone).
While at Motorola in the 1970s, Cooper conceived the first handheld mobile phone (distinct from the car phone) in 1973 and led the team that developed it and brought it to market in 1983. He is considered the "father of the cell phone”and is also cited as the first person in history to make a handheld cellular phone call in public
Beginning of
the internet1973
Robert Metcalfe figures out a simple
way of linking computers together
that he names Ethernet. Most
computers hooked up to the
Internet now use it.
Ethernet was developed in May 1973 by US computer engineer Dr Robert ("Bob") Metcalfe (1946–), who went on to found 3Com and later became a well-known computer-industry pundit (perhaps, somewhat unfairly, best known for predicting a spectacular collapse of the Internet in 1995 that never actually occurred).
the World
Wide Web1989
Tim Berners-Lee
invents the World
Wide Web.
Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist at CERN, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989. The web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automatic information-sharing between scientists in universities and institutes around the world.
WI FI1997
Electronics companies agree
to make Wi-Fi a worldwide
standard for wireless Internet
The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to 2
Mbit/s link speeds.
The Wikipedia
online
encyclopedia2001
The Wikipedia online
encyclopedia is
founded by Larry
Sanger and Jimmy
Wales.
A free encyclopedia built collaboratively using wiki software.
iPod2001
Portable MP3 players
had been around for
many years before
Apple launched its
version in 2001.
the iPod was the technology that really transformed the way people listened to music. The device's large internal storage capacity meant it was no longer necessary to carry around CDs or cassette tapes, and the sleek design made it a desirable item to own.
Roomba®
vacuum
cleaning robot2002
iRobot Corporation releases the
first version of its Roomba®
vacuum cleaning robot
After more than a decade of offering military products, iRobot debuts its first domestic robot -- the Roomba. The Roomba is an autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner, though it is not the first: The Electrolux Trilobite hit the market a year before. By 2004, a million Roombas had been sold. It is suspected, though not confirmed, than an equal number of Rosie the Robot references had been made by the media.
E-book reader2007
Amazon.com
launches its Kindle
electronic book (e-
book) reader.
An e-reader, also called an e-book reader or e-book device, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals
3D TV2010
3D TV starts to
become more
widely available
3D television (3DTV) is television that conveys depth perception to the viewer by employing techniques such as stereoscopic display, multi-view display, 2D-plus-depth, or any other form of 3D display. Most modern 3D television sets use an active shutter 3D system or a polarized 3D system, and some are autostereoscopic without the need of glasses.