PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITYGraduate School

Urdaneta City Campus

The Literature and Study Review and Ethical Concerns

Prepared by: Maria Clarisa P. Lachica &

Michael John D. Sison MDM students

Presented to: Josefina B. Bitonio, DPAProfessor

FDM 20 Methods of Social Research

Topics at glance

PurposesPurposes

DefinitionDefinition

RelatedLiterature

andEthical

Concerns

What does “related” means?

“Related” means connected in some way, in the same family, or belonging to the same group because of shared characteristics, qualities, etc.

(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/related, Retrieved August 15, 2014).

What does “literature” means?

“Literature” means the writings of a period of a country, especially valued for their excellence; of style or form; all the books or articles on a subject; any printed matter (Webster’s Universal English Dictionary, 2006).

What is “related literature”?

The “Related literature” (RL) are taken from published articles, books, journals, magazines, novels, poetry, and many others which have bearing to the present study. The presentation of related literature is from present to past. An explanation of every RL is a must. It is unscientific if RL is presented but no explanation on the relevance to the present study (Calmorin & Calmorin, 2007).

“Study” means to observe and investigate (e.g. phenomena) closely; to learn (e.g. a language); to scrutinize; to follow a course (at college, etc.) (Webster’s Universal English Dictionary, 2006).

What does “study” means?

“Related study” are findings of published and unpublished researches which are related to the present study are presented in this section. An explanation for every finding of the related studies is a must to determine its similarities and differences to the present study. They are arranged chronologically from present to past (Calmorin & Calmorin, 2007).

What does “study” means?

The italicized words “Review of Related Literature and Studies,” are emphasized intentionally to stress what needs stressing. They describe precisely what the related literature section does. Its function is to “look again” (review) literatures which are identical with, but collateral to, your own area of study (Ariola, 2006).

In a nutshell…

b. Characteristics of Materials cited

(Based on Reyes, 2014)

Sources are generally described as primary, secondary, or tertiary (Barad, 2013):

c. Sources of Related Literature and Studies

c. Sources of Related Literature and Studies

(Based on Reyes, 2014)

1. Book, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar references.

2. Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and other publications.

c. Sources of Related Literature and Studies

(Based on Reyes, 2014)

3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters, and diaries.

4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.

5. The Constitution, and laws, and statutes of the land.

c. Sources of Related Literature and Studies

(Based on Reyes, 2014)

6. Bulletins, circulars, memorandum, orders, and official reports emanating from government offices, departments, and agencies or any other public entities.

c. Sources of Related Literature and Studies

(Based on Reyes, 2014)

7. Records from different organizations: business entities, civil-society groups, and NGOs/POs and reports of their activities.

8. Account or reports from seminars, forum, trainings and symposium

d. Purposes of Review of Related Literature and Studies

Why conduct literature review (Barad, 2013)?

a. to identify gaps in the research area;b. to avoid reinventing the wheel;c. to carry on from where others have already completed;d. to identify other people working in the same fields;e. to fathom the depth of knowledge of your subject area;

d. Purposes of Review of Related Literature and Studies

Why conduct literature review (Barad, 2013)?f. to identify opposing views and to put your work into wider perspective;g. to identify methods that could be relevant to your project and to identify seminal works in your area; andh. to provide the intellectual context for your own work, enabling you to position your project in relation to other work.

d. Purposes of Review of Related Literature and Studies

Writing a literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas (Barad, 2013):

Elements of Writing:

1. Unity – Unity or oneness of ideas, tense, voice, etc. Ideas should follow one light of thought. Details should support a central idea or topic sentence.

2. Cohesion – Presentation of ideas, whether logical, chronological or spatial order. It is an orderly progression of thought such that a sentence leads to the next sentence.

3. Emphasis – The treatment of the more important details to get reader’s attention. That is, to give more importance to sentences that discuss important ideas and fewer for less important ones. Repetition of key words/phrases may help. Also, position is a matter of emphasis. Usually, the most important parts can be placed in the beginning or end of the paragraph.

How to Write the Introduction of a Review of Related Literature:

• Identify the general topic of the sources under discussion. Thus, you will provide the context of your review of related literature;• Discuss what was already presented about the topic of your paper: conflicts in a theory, conclusions, gaps in research and scholarship, etc.• Explain why the literature used is worth reviewing. Source:

http://4humbeline.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/writing-chapter-2-review-of-related-literature/ Retrieved Aug. 09, 2014)

• Group the sources according to their common dominators (approaches, objectives or any specific chronologies);• Give the examples of how to sort out these groups. Use quotations, evidences, data, etc. They will make your review of related literature more valid.

(Source: http://4humbeline.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/writing-chapter-2-review-of-related-literature/ Retrieved Aug. 09, 2014)

How to Write the Conclusion of a Review of Related Literature:

• Summarize the contributions of the literature sources made to the area of study you investigate. Maintain the central focus in the Introduction;• Give a kind of insight into the relationship between the topic of your review and a larger study area (e.g. a discipline, a scientific endeavor, etc.

(Source: http://4humbeline.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/writing-chapter-2-review-of-related-literature/ Retrieved Aug. 09, 2014)

1. Not - chronological catalog of all of the sources, but an evaluation, integrating the previous research together, But - it is to explain how it integrates into the proposed research program. All sides of an argument must be clearly explained, to avoid bias, and areas of agreement and disagreement should be highlighted (Barad, 2013)

What is ‘not’ Literature Review?

2. Not - collection of quotes and paraphrasing from other sources, But - good literature review should also have some evaluation of the quality and findings of the research.

What is ‘not’ Literature Review ?

1. Authority. This is accepting without question, an opinion about a certain subject which is given by someone who is considered an authority on the subject.

Some Hindrances to Scientific Inquiry (Errors in Personal Judgment as based on Methods of Research and Thesis Writing):

Errors in Personal Judgment

(cont.):2. Overgeneralization. This is establishing a pattern out of a few instances.

I therefore conclude… WHAT THE?!

3. Made-up information. This is making up information to explain away confusion. Made-up information is, also, wrongly interpreting the findings of a research material.

Indeed, illogical…Very

unreasonable!

4. Dogmatism. This is an unwritten policy of certain institutions and governments prohibiting the study of topics that are believed to run counter to the established doctrines of such institutions or governments.

Things to consider in conducting social and behavioral research (Imperial):

Ethical and truthful collection of reliable data (Imperial):

What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publications am I using (e.g., journals, books, government documents, popular media)? What discipline am I working in (e.g., Engineering, Psychology, Humanities, Pharmacy, Management)?

How good was my information seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensure I've found all the relevant material? Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is the number of sources I've used appropriate for the length of my paper?

Ask yourself questions (Barad, 2013):

What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature review helps to define?

What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I looking at issues of theory? methodology? policy? quantitative research (e.g. on the effectiveness of a new procedure)? qualitative research (e.g., studies )?

Ask yourself these questions (Barad, 2013):

Have I critically analyzed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions, comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them?

Instead of just listing and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses?

Have I cited and discussed studies contrary to my perspective?

Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful?

Ask yourself these questions (Barad, 2013):

Has the author formulated a problem/issue?Is it clearly defined? Is its significance (i.e. scope, severity, relevance) clearly established?

Could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective?

What is the author's research orientation (e.g., interpretive, critical science, combination)?What is the author's theoretical framework (e.g., psychological, developmental, feminist)?

Ask yourself these questions (Barad, 2013):

Has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue? Does the author include literature taking positions she or he does not agree with?

In a research study, how good are the basic components of the study design (e.g., population, intervention, outcome)?

How accurate and valid are the measurements? Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question? Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis?

Springboard Discussion

Does the practice of not citing the source of an indirect quotation or paraphrasing an idea from someone may lead to plagiarism? What if you have had the same idea or thought with that of an author/writer, is it still a form of plagiarism?

How about stating an information, that is, a common knowledge?

Research MisconductResearch misconduct means Fabrication, Falsification, or Plagiarism (FFP) in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reportingresearch results.

(a) Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them.(b) Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment,

or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately

represented in the research record.(c) Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas,

processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.

(d) Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion.

http://www3.nd.edu/~pkamat/pdf/ethics.pdf

Reference:

Books•Ariola, Mariano M. Principles and Methods of Research. Rex Book Store, Inc. 2006•Calderon, Jose F. & Gonzales, Expectacion G. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. (n.d.)•Calmorin, Laurentina P. & Calmorin, Melchor A. Research Methods and Thesis Writing (Second Edition). Rex Book Store, Inc. 2007•Webster’s Universal English Dictionary. Geddes & Grosset REPRO Mumbai, India 2006

• Barad, Dilip. The Literature Review. http://www.slideshare.net/dilipbarad/literature-review-review-of-related-literature-research-methodology Aug. 24, 2013 Retrieved August 09, 2014

• Cornell University Library PSEC Documentation Committee. APA Citation Style. November 2002; Revised April 2011 https://www.library.cornell.edu/research/citation/apa Retrieved July 09, 2014

• Imperial, Reynaldo. Principles of Ethics in Research. College of Arts and Sciences UP Manila

• Malijan, Roqui. RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES. http://www.slideshare.net/RoquiMalijan/group-3-28367418 Nov. 18, 2013 Retrieved August 09, 2014

• Reyes, Jheng. Chapter III R ELATED LITERATURE

AND STUDIES. http://www.slideshare.net/JhengReyes/chapter-iii-thesis-ni-gara July 24, 2014 Retrieved August 09, 2014

• Swenson, Jennifer. Thesis Writing: A Guide For Students http://www.sparrowpapers.com/resources/thesis_writing_articles/thesis_writing_a_guide_for_students/

• ___________. APA.pdf Based on the Sixth Ed. of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Updated September 19, 2012. Retrieved August 09, 2014

• ___________. Definition of related. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/related Retrieved August 15, 2014

• ____________. Writing Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature. http://4humbeline.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/writing-chapter-2-review-of-related-literature/ Retrieved August 09, 2014

• Research Ethics

Web

http://www3.nd.edu/~pkamat/pdf/ethics.pdf