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The Emotion Ontology Barry Smith and Janna Hastings January 2012, Aarhus, Denmark
Citation preview
The Emotion Ontology
*Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland and Cheminformatics and Metabolism Team, European Bioinformatics Institute
Barry Smith and Janna Hastings*
Preamble: What “Ontology”?
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Google hits Jan. 2004
ontology + Heidegger 58K
ontology + Aristotle 77K
ontology + philosophy 327K
4
Google hits Jan. 2004
ontology + Heidegger 58K
ontology + Aristotle 77K
ontology + philosophy 327K
ontology + software 468K
ontology + database 594K
ontology + information systems 702K
5
Comparison 2004/2012
ontology + Heidegger 58K 1.91M
ontology + Aristotle 77K 1.66M
ontology + philosophy 327K 4.91M
ontology + software 468K 7.80M
ontology + database 594K 10.20M
ontology +information systems 702K 5.14M
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http://bioontology.org
Roadmap Center of the National Institutes of Health
Stanford University School of Medicine
The Mayo Clinic
University at Buffalo Department of Philosophy
Examples of Ontology Projects funded
by National Institutes of Health
NIH / NHGRI GO: Gene Ontology
NIH / NIGMS PRO: Protein Ontology
NIH / NIAID IDO: Infectious Disease Ontology
NIH / NIAID Major Histocompatilibity Complex
(MHC) Ontology
NIH / NHGRI SO: Sequence Ontology
NIH / NLM FMA: Foundational Model of
Anatomy
NIH / NHGRI CL: Cell Ontology
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Some questions
How to find data?
How to understand data when you find it?
How to use data in hypothesis-checking and reasoning?
How to integrate with other data?
Idea: sound logic, definitions, principles of classification
help
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9
10/24
a short
movement of one
lower leg
crossing the
other leg with the
foot pointing
outward
on right: Werner
Ceusters
same overt physical movement;
different behavioral context and
underlying (neuro)physiology
part of a mannequin’s step on the catwalk
an epileptic jerk
the kicking of a ball by a soccer player
a signal (“Get out!”) issued in heated
conversation
a “half cut” in Irish Sean-nós dancing 12
13/
Foundational
Model of
Anatomy
(fragment)
Affective science
The interdisciplinary study of:
emotional functioning, regulation, expression, and physiological markers
affective disorders such as bipolar, depression and schizoaffective disorder
Friday, May 24, 2013 14
Friday, May 24, 2013 15
Clinical observations
Self-reports
Neuroimaging
Physiological monitoring
Questionnaires
Many different types of data
Behavioral monitoring
Data aggregation (e.g. NIF)
Friday, May 24, 2013 16
Neuroscience Information Framework
New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences
R T U New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences
R T U
CONTINUANT OCCURRENT
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
ORGAN AND ORGANISM
Organism (NCBI
Taxonomy)
Anatomical Entity (FMA, CARO)
Organ Function
(FMP, CPRO) Phenotypic Quality (PaTO)
Organism-Level Process
(GO)
CELL AND CELLULAR
COMPONENT
Cell (CL)
Cellular Component (FMA, GO)
Cellular Function
(GO)
Cellular Process (GO)
MOLECULE Molecule
(ChEBI, SO, RnaO, PrO)
Molecular Function (GO)
Molecular Process
(GO)
initial OBO Foundry coverage, ontologies automatically semantically coupled
GRANULARITY
RELATION TO TIME
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Anatomy Ontology (FMA*, CARO)
Environment Ontology (EnvO)
Infectious Disease
Ontology (IDO*)
Biological Process
Ontology (GO*)
Cell Ontology
(CL)
Cellular Component
Ontology (FMA*, GO*) Phenotypic
Quality Ontology
(PaTO) Subcellular Anatomy Ontology (SAO)
Sequence Ontology (SO*) Molecular
Function (GO*) Protein Ontology
(PRO*)
Extension Strategy + Modular Organization 19
top level
mid-level
domain level
Information Artifact Ontology
(IAO)
Ontology for Biomedical
Investigations (OBI)
Spatial Ontology (BSPO)
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
Basic Formal Ontology
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BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:Process BFO:Independent Continuant
BFO
BFO:Dependent Continuant
BFO:Disposition
Basic Formal Ontology and Mental Functioning Ontology (MFO)
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BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:Process
Organism
BFO:Independent Continuant
BFO
MFO
BFO:Dependent Continuant
Behaviour inducing state
Mental Functioning Related Anatomical
Structure
Cognitive Representation
BFO:Quality
Affective Representation
Mental Process
Bodily Process BFO:Disposition
BFO:Entity
BFO:Continuant BFO:Occurrent
BFO:Process BFO:Independent
Continuant
BFO
MFO
BFO:Dependent Continuant
Cognitive Representation
Affective Representation
Mental Process
Bodily Process BFO:Disposition
MFO-EM
Emotion Occurrent
Organism
Emotional Action Tendencies
Appraisal
Subjective Emotional Feeling
Physiological Response to
Emotion Process
inheres_in
is_output_of
Emotional Behavioural Process
Appraisal Process
has_part
agent_of
Foundational entities in the Emotion Ontology
Ongoing work using the Emotion
Ontology
Emotional responses in model organisms (mouse, zebrafish …)
Department of Genetics, Cambridge; European Bioinformatics Institute
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Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotions
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Task Classification in MFO/MFOEM
Recognition of gender in emotional facial expressions
Visual perception of emotional facial expressions (subClassOf perception)
Recall of personal emotional memories with instructions to try re-create feeling
Memory of emotional episodes (subClassOf memory)
Listening to emotional sounds (e.g. grunts of disgust)
Auditory perception of emotional stimuli (subClassOf perception)
Viewing emotional film extracts Visual and auditory perception of emotional stimuli (subClassOf perception)
Paradigms selected based on study of random sample of 15 papers from BrainMap database. Conclusion…
Cognitive Neuroscience does not usually study canonical emotions! The link from perception of emotional fear in facial
expressions to canonical fear is subject to empirical research
Studies of the biochemical basis of emotion
Emotions are effected in part by neurotransmitters such as dopamine, tryptophan
Friday, May 24, 2013 25
dopamine (CHEBI:25375)
molecular entity (CHEBI:25375)
biological role (CHEBI:24432)
neurotransmitter (CHEBI:25512)
has role
neurotransmitter receptor activity
(GO:0030594)
Molecular function (GO:0003674)
realized in
happiness (MFOEM:42)
part of
emotion (MFOEM:1)
subtype
Emotion occurrent
An emotion occurrent is a processual emotion in which a person participates over a specific time period
A person undergoes or is the subject of the emotion; he emotes
This terminology leaves open what the person feels or is aware of
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Emotional personality trait
An emotional personality trait is a stable enduring characteristic of a person
which involves a predisposition (i.e. a disposition which gives rise to an increased risk)
to undergo emotions of a particular sort, both occurrents and dispositions.
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Friday, May 24, 2013 28
Mary’s behaviour hurt me
Appraisal
(CNS)
Physiological response (CNS, NES, ANS)
I feel ANGRY
Subjective feeling (CNS)
Behaviour (SNS)
An emotion occurrent is a mental process that is a synchronized complex of constituent mental and physical
processes including an appraisal process as part, and which gives rise to an action tendency. At least one appraisal precedes the other
components of the emotion, while it or others continue throughout the emotion occurrent and guide the process.
I want to PUNCH
something
Action tendencies (CNS)
Processes
An appraisal process is a mental process that gives rise to an appraisal
A physiological response to emotion process is a bodily process which encompasses all the neurophysiological changes caused by the emotion
An emotional behavioural process is the behaviour of the organism in response to the emotion, including the characteristic facial expressions for particular emotion types
Friday, May 24, 2013 29
Mental representations
An appraisal is a cognitive representation which represents an evaluation of the relevance of some triggering object or event to the organism
The subjective emotional feeling is an affective representation that the organism has about its own affect
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Dispositions
Emotional action tendencies are dispositions to behaviour which inhere in an organism by virtue of the physical changes brought about by an emotion process
Even satisfaction at completing some task is associated with (future-directed) action tendencies such as: to adopt a satisfied facial expression, to relax muscles which had been tensed …
Friday, May 24, 2013 31
Valence: classification of positive/negative emotions
Friday, May 24, 2013 32
What are the positive emotions? PositiveEmotion ⊑ has_valence. PositiveValence
What are the negative emotions? NegativeEmotion ⊑ has_valence. NegativeValence
happiness PositiveValence Has_valence
PositiveSurprise ⊑ has_valence. PositiveValence
NegativeSurprise ⊑ has_valence. NegativeValence
Surprise is not specific to one valence:
http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/1666
Friday, May 24, 2013 33 The Emotion Ontology
Types of emotion
Friday, May 24, 2013 34
http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/1666
Types of emotion
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Types of appraisal
Friday, May 24, 2013 36
Types of appraisal
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Types of feeling
Friday, May 24, 2013 38
Physiological response to emotion
Friday, May 24, 2013 39 The Emotion Ontology
Friday, May 24, 2013 40 The Emotion Ontology
Physiological response to emotion
To define the characteristics of different emotions start with canonical emotions
Friday, May 24, 2013 41
Emotion types (such as fear) show enormous variance across instances Just as do anatomical types, e.g. human bodies Ontology expresses what is always true… But aims to say something useful for representation of domain knowledge. Solution: encode knowledge in ‘canonical’ types
canonical fear
appraisal process
Appraisal of dangerousness
Has part Has output
Canonical fear results from an appraisal of dangerousness
Canonical fear
Friday, May 24, 2013 42 The Emotion Ontology
canonical fear
fear
EMOTION COMPONENT CHARACTERISTIC FOR FEAR
Action tendency Fight-or-flight
Subjective emotional feeling Negative, tense, powerless
Behavioural response Characteristic fearful facial expression
Characteristic appraisal Something is dangerous to me
subtype
Canonical and non-canonical fear
Canonical fear gives rise to action tendencies that are conformant to the perceived danger
Phobias = dispositions giving rise to non-canonical fear
From laridaphobia to
(people taking pleasure in watching)
horror films
Friday, May 24, 2013 43 The Emotion Ontology
Disorders of affect
Some mental diseases involve altered emotional functioning. (E.g. depression, bipolar disorder)
Friday, May 24, 2013 44
emotion
non-canonical sadness
Process Disposition
depression
mental disease
realized in
down-regulation of dopaminergic
system (GO:0032227)
has part
biological process Mechanism of
action: complex
disturbances in underlying
systems
Proposal to define grief as a disorder
Friday, May 24, 2013 45 The Emotion Ontology
Friday, May 24, 2013 46 The Emotion Ontology
PAIN
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)
pain =def. an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.
Merskey H, et al: Pain terms: A list with definitions and notes on usage. Recommended by the IASP Subcommittee
on Taxonomy. Pain 1979; 6:249-252.
Friday, May 24, 2013 47 The Emotion Ontology
Canonical pain & variants PCT: pain with concordant tissue damage: the patient experiences pain of the evolutionarily most basic sort = pain in response to concordant tissue damage
Variant pain PNT: pain with peripheral trauma but discordant (elevated) relative to tissue damage: there is peripheral trauma, but the patient is experiencing pain of an intensity that is discordant therewith; NN: neuropathic nociception: no peripheral trauma, but the patient is experiencing pain in result of a neuropathic disorder in the nociceptive system. Friday, May 24, 2013 49 The Emotion Ontology
Pain-related phenomena without pain
PBWP: pain behavior without pain: there is a cry or report of pain, but no pain is being experienced (a fact which may or may not be detectable by an external observer)
TWP: Tissue-damage without pain: tissue damage normally of the sort to cause pain does not activate the pain system.
Friday, May 24, 2013 50 The Emotion Ontology
Pain Ontology (PN) branch of MFO-EM
Lying
about pain
Symptoms Signs Physical Basis Examples
Canonical Pain
PCT: Pain with concordant tissue damage
Pain Manifestation of tissue damage
Signals sent to nociceptive system
Peripheral tissue damage
Intact nociceptive system
Primary sunburn
Pain from strained muscle
Pulpitis
Variant Pain
PNT: no concordant tissue damage
Pain Manifestation of some disorder in patient
Signals sent to nociceptive system + activation of emotion-generating brain centers
Physical disorder of amplitude control mechanisms
Myofascial pain disorder
Tension-type headache
Chronic back pain
NN: neuro-pathic nociception
Pain Test confirms nerve damage Disorder in the nociceptive system
Trigeminal neuralgia
Post-herpetic neuralgia
Diabetic neuropathy
Central pain
PRP: Pain-Related Phenomena Without Pain
PBWP: pain behavior without pain
? Report of pain
Sick role behaviors accompanied by normal clinical examination
Grossly exaggerated pain behaviors
Identified external incentives
Mental states such as anxiety, Disordered emotional or cognitive systems misinter-preting sensory signals
Factitious pain
Malingering
Anxiety-induced pain report
TWP: tissue-damage without pain
No pain Manifestation of tissue damage normally of the sort to cause pain
Suppression of pain system by one or other mechanism
Stress associated with sudden emergency. Damping of pain process caused by endorphins. Genetic insensitivity to pain
Canonical pain
Friday, May 24, 2013 53 The Emotion Ontology
canonical pain
pain
EMOTION COMPONENT CHARACTERISTIC FOR PAIN
Action tendency Withdrawal
Subjective emotional feeling Negative, tense, powerless
Behavioural response Characteristic painful facial expression
Characteristic appraisal Something is dangerous to me
Canonical pain (PCT) (1) a bodily process in an organism S involving two integrated levels:
(1a) activation of the nociceptive system including the pain-associated emotion-generating brain components of S, and
(1b) a simultaneous sensory and aversive experience on the part of S
that is
(2) caused by damage to tissue located in a region R of the body of the subject S,
(3) experienced by S as being caused by this damage,
(4) such as to involve an aversive reaction on the part of S directed towards that which is presumed by S to be causing this damage,
(5) concordant with the tissue damage on both levels (1a) and (1b),
and also
(6) such that the sensory experience is sufficiently intense to communicate the presence of tissue damage to the subject.
Friday, May 24, 2013 54 The Emotion Ontology
Aversive experience of x
An experience of x that involves both
1. a feeling with negative salience
2. a disposition to withdraw from or avoid x
Friday, May 24, 2013 55 The Emotion Ontology
Modified Pain (1) a bodily process in an organism S involving two integrated levels:
(1a) activation of the nociceptive system including the pain-associated emotion-generating brain components of S, and
(1b) a simultaneous sensory and modified aversive experience on the part of S
Modified aversive experience of x An experience of x that involves a feeling with that is phenomenologically identical to that of an aversive experience, but because of the known absence of x, is without a disposition to withdraw from or avoid
Friday, May 24, 2013 56 The Emotion Ontology
Modified aversive experience
(cf. Meinong, Ernstgefühle vs. Scheingefühle)
Friday, May 24, 2013 57 The Emotion Ontology
Aesthetic Pain
(1) a bodily process in an organism S involving two integrated levels:
(1a) activation of the nociceptive system including the pain-associated emotion-generating brain components of S, and
(1b) a simultaneous sensory and modified aversive experience on the part of S
that is
(2) caused by a visual or auditory stimulus,
(3) experienced by S as being caused by this stimulus,
(4) experienced by S with positive valence
Friday, May 24, 2013 58 The Emotion Ontology
Aesthetic pain
Brucknerian pain (empathy with Isolde on the death of Tristan)
Friday, May 24, 2013 59 The Emotion Ontology
Friday, May 24, 2013 60 The Emotion Ontology