The Development of Skills Structured Standard for IT Industry

Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan

The Development of Skills Structured Standard for IT Industry- For IT Solution and Embedded Technology -

Kenji HIRATA, Ph.D.Associate Professor

Toyo University

Shigeyuki OHARA, Ph.D.Professor, Research Fellow

Software Engineering Center in IPA†

† (National Institute) Information-technology Promotion Agency


The Embedded Technology Skills Standard for Education and Employment

All Rights Reserved, Copyright©IPA2003 　　　3

For this new development project!!We needs some engineers who have ability of “LAN”

OK!How about me?I can “run” very

fast!!You are kidding?

Sorry(^_^). I know my friends.

How about these engineers?

??????


LAN technologies are very various types and consisted to various elements; for example domain targets, device, communication technology and so on.

We need to identify the concepts of skill which organization needs or engineers have.



　　　　　　　　Personal?　　　　“Monster”　ProfilePersonal?　　　　“Monster”　Profile

Illustrated book of Nintendo Pocket Monster Diamond Perl by Syogakukan

6 Competencies rating

Skill title

Skill type3 Skill levels

Skill attri.

Effective target

Competency description

Competency description


Monster　profileMonster　profile

Parameters when it will level up

Parameters when it will learn

Proficiency level


Skill　DictionarySkill　Dictionary

Skill title

Skill type3 Skill levels

Skill attri.

Effective target

Skill explanation


Training　and　skill　Mature

Training title

Term for mature Skill Effectiveness

Term to get it


• Defined by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)

• Promote by Information-technology Promotion Agency (IPA)

The Skill Standards for IT Industry, ITSS, ETSS, and UISS

1.ITSS ver.1 Announced 2002– Current ver.3

2.ETSS ver.1 Announced 2004– Current ver.2

3.UISS ver.1 Announced 2006


Skill Standards for IT Professionals (ITSS)• Primary Target Area: IT Service companies (and those

have similar job roles)• Short term needs: Development of higher level

professionals as well as promotion of specialization• Primary Focus: Career development

　Embedded Technology Skill Standard (ETSS)

• Primary Target Area: Embedded System development companies (in house and vendor)

• Short term needs: Development of mass quality software development engineers, who can share the common skill level.

• Primary Focus : Skills development

ITSS and ETSS


Reference Curriculum

Career Criteria

Structure of Skills Standards

Skill Criteria

：

：

：

Unexperienced

Technology

Elements

Development

technology

Management

Technology

Personal

Business/industry

Career Framework

Framework of training coursesField of related expertise

Skills required for a particular job

：

Personal skills as defined in the ITSS,*

etc.

Personal skills as defined in the

ITSS,* etc.

Skill Framework

CategorizedCategorized

：Elements of

technical skills

ITSS: Information technology Skill Standard by SEC/IPA, Japan


Background of the ETSS (1)

• Increasing importance of ET for “Made in Japan”–Importance for products; almost products implemented ET

• ET is indispensable for various types of products• Key technologies for Information society in now & future

–Core competence: Pillar of Japanese Global Competitiveness

• Core technology for realizing quality functions of main export manufactures

• Keeping advantage in ET comparing with other information technologies area

–Key methods: Realizing multifunction and sophisticated function of products

• ET is key tool and means to improve product of multifunction, operationability, and advanced function


Examples of Japanese Products Using Embedded Technology (Software)

Medical Appliance9.7%

AV Appliance8.5%

Communication Terminal Unit8.5%

Transport/Construction Machinery

7.1%

Communications Equipment6.3%

Equipment Machinery6.1%

Home Electronics5.3%

PDA5.1%

Educational Aid. Amusement Device 4.3%

Others8.2%

Industrial / OA Machine / Industry FA

20.5%

10.4%

ＭＥＴＩ , 2004

Computer / Peripheral /OA



• Changing Software Industry– High level requirements

• In Automobile, Home electronics, Medical appliance, & Industry machine, product quality is directly connected to “Loss of Human Life” & “Capital Decreasing”

• Defect or Failure in ET products leads products recall and then results to vast amounts of costs and damage for company image.

– Large-Sizing and Complex Software; almost products implemented ET

• About 310,000 steps (average) for each new software or module for a product

• About 990,000 steps (average) for a product



– Short term development cycle• Over 80%: almost development term is less than for 1

year– Long working hours of ET engineers

• Over 60%: ET engineers work more than 180 hours in a month

– Chronic lack of human resources: Both engineer’s quantity and quality are shortages

Ministry Research Report• Q: What is issues you faces or recognizes in

development of products? • A: Top response is “Lack of human resources” Second top response is “Lack of skills of

engineers”


ETSS is:

• Formulated for use in engineers employments & education as a criteria to improve embedded system developments

• Consists of three key elements:

Skill　CriteriaSkill　Criteria Categorize technologies as skills in embedded system; Technological Elements, Development, and Management Tech.

Categorize technologies as skills in embedded system; Technological Elements, Development, and Management Tech.

Career　CriteriaCareer　Criteria Defines job categories and specialties for the embedded system engineers required skills for each level

Defines job categories and specialties for the embedded system engineers required skills for each level

ReferenceCurriculumReferenceCurriculum

Reference curriculum for the embedded system engineers education

Reference curriculum for the embedded system engineers education


Objectives of the Skills Standards

Reference CurriculumReference Curriculum

Skill CriteriaSkill Criteria Career CriteriaCareer Criteria

Categorize skills requiredCategorize skills requiredCategorize skills requiredCategorize skills required

Provide criteria for skillsProvide criteria for skills

Buildup developmentskills by visualization

Buildup developmentskills by visualization

Define careers and jobsDefine careers and jobsDefine careers and jobsDefine careers and jobs

Provide criteria for careersProvide criteria for careers

Define and Specialize expertise from professional point of view

Define and Specialize expertise from professional point of view

Provide courseware to improve skills and careersProvide courseware to improve skills and careersProvide courseware to improve skills and careersProvide courseware to improve skills and careers

Provide a prototype for education curriculumProvide a prototype for education curriculumEmpower embedded system development by LETEmpower embedded system development by LET

Human resourcesHuman resources


Reference Curriculum (draft)

Career Criteria (draft)

Instantiation of ETSS from Skill Standards

Skill Criteria (Version1.0）

communication

information

：

Req. analysis

Process Design

：

Project Management

Process Management

Technological Elements

DevelpmntTechnology

Mgement Technology


Development Technology

Mgement Technology

：

Unexperienced

Technology

Elements

Development

technology

Management

Technology

Personal

Business/industry

Career Framework

Framework of training coursesField of related expertise

Skills required for a particular job


DevelpmntTechnologyMgement

Technology

Leadership

：

Personal skills as defined in the ITSS,* etc.

Personal skills as defined in the ITSS,* etc.

Skill Framework

categorizecategorize

Embedded system

development technologies

Leadership


Skill Criteria: Definition of the Skill levels

• Definition

Level　1　(Primary):　can　do　jobs　with　guidance　of　the　seniors

Level　2　(Intermediate)　:　can　do　by　themselves　

Level　3　(Advanced)　:　supervise　the　process

Level　4　(Superior):　organize　experiences　and　find/develop　original　methods


Skill Criteria: Skill Categories

• Skill Criteria comprise of 3 key sets of skill categories

TechnologicalElements Skill

TechnologicalElements Skill

To be integrated to implement specific functions. Include hardware, algorism, logic, components, related standards.

To be integrated to implement specific functions. Include hardware, algorism, logic, components, related standards.

DevelopmentTechnology Skill

DevelopmentTechnology Skill

To be used in the embedded systems development such as programming, debugging, and testing.

To be used in the embedded systems development such as programming, debugging, and testing.

ManagementTechnology Skill

ManagementTechnology Skill

To specify and categorize Management Technologies to process embedded software development and maintenance

To specify and categorize Management Technologies to process embedded software development and maintenance

Skill CategorySkill Category


Architecture of the Skill Framework

Skill Node

First Layer

Second Layer

Third Layer

Forth Layer Extend

Extend

Extend

Extend


Skills Must be Separated from Technologies

Result

Technology:　a　process　to　ensure　the　required　result　economically　and　can　be　transferred　as　a　knowledge

Sub-processSub-processSub-processSub-processReq.

Skill:　personal　ability　to　carry　out　jobs　assuming　the　responsibility　of　the　sub-processes　using　rules　and　tools　that　comprise　these　processes

Process:　implement　functions　of　a　product　or　a　product　itself

Development　Ability:　the　scale　and　speed　to　manage　PDCA　cycles　for　technologies　and　skills

PDCA: plan-do-check-act cycle


Embedded Technology Revolution: Changing Development Process and Quality Management Strategy

Evalua-tionby

Market

distribution

productionProductdeign開発Develop-

mentRequire-ments

impact

Embedded　software　is　expected　to　enable　in　product　development　-　less　components　-　higher　function　and　　　　　　quality　

Decrease relative impor-tance of production process and that means a shift in the manufac-turing to the upstream process


Skill Criteria: Skill Framework

(1)(2) (3)

Layer　1 Layer　2 Layer　3

PrimaryIntermediateAdvanced Superior

要素

技術

Technological　Elements

DevelopmentTechnology

Mgmt.Technology

SkillCategories

Skill　LevelSkill　Granularity

(1) Skill　Categories:　categorize　skills　(2) Skill　Granularity:　defines　depth　of　skill　categories　

(3) Skill　Levels:　represent　level　of　skills

(1) Skill　Categories:　categorize　skills　(2) Skill　Granularity:　defines　depth　of　skill　categories　

(3) Skill　Levels:　represent　level　of　skills


Skill Requirements

• Requisites to certify the possession of a specific skill when being tested is called “Skill Requirements”

• Can make something: make functions aaa by analyzing requirements, constraints, examples, etc.

→ aaa ： Technological Elements• Can use something: implement functions that use aaa by analyzing require

ments, constraints, examples, etc. → aaa ： Technological Elements

• Can make something: make functions aaa by analyzing requirements, constraints, examples, etc.

→ aaa ： Technological Elements• Can use something: implement functions that use aaa by analyzing require

ments, constraints, examples, etc. → aaa ： Technological Elements

• Can do xxx using yyy→ xxx: jobs, management items yyy: Development/Management Technology (methods, tools, etc.)

• Can do xxx using yyy→ xxx: jobs, management items yyy: Development/Management Technology (methods, tools, etc.)

Technological　Element　Skill　Category

Development　/　Management　Skill　Category


Relation of the Technological Elements and Development Technology

△ ： Primary ○ ： Intermediate ◎ ： Advanced ● ：

Superior

Test

Implement

○Design

◎◎

○△○

◎ ●

●Analyze

PlatformSensing and

Control

Multimedia

Infor.processing

Communication


Developm

ent Technology


Product Development

Technology Elements used in product developmentsTechnology Elements used in product developments

CommunicationCommunication

Information processingInformation processing

MultimediaMultimedia

User interfaceUser interface

StorageStorage

Sensing and ControlSensing and Control

PlatformPlatform

Develop components with Development TechnologyDevelop components with Development Technology

AnalyzeAnalyze DesignDesign ImplementImplement TestTest

Manage product development process with Management TechnologyManage product development process with Management Technology

Project　ManagementProject　Management Process　ManagementProcess　Management

Embedded System・・・・・・・・・・・・

Technological ElementsTechnological Elements

Dev. TechnologyDev. Technology

Mgmt. TechnologyMgmt. Technology

Skill Criteria: Skill Categories (2)


Technological Elements Skill Category

Layer 1 Layer 2 description

１ Communication

１ Wired communication WAN 、 LAN, etc.

２ Wireless communications For public and private use

３ BroadcastingDigital and analog broadcasting technology

４ Internetfor transparent data transmission and applications

２ Information Processing

１ Input data, voice, etc.

２ Security Encryption, copyright, etc.

３ Data Processing Compression, database, etc.

４ OutputMarkup language, document viewer, etc.

３ Multimedia

１ Audio Data compression and decompression

２ Still Image Data compression and decompression

３ Video Data compression and decompression

４統合音声・画像などの統合処理技術See　also　Skill　Criteria　V.1.0　for　details.


Development Technology Skill Category


１Systems Requirements Analysis

１ Capturing Requirements Interviews, marketing survey, etc.

２ Systems Analysis and Requirements Definition

Modeling, analysis, and requirements development

３ Review of Requirements Methods of review and inspection, etc.

２ Process Design

１ Allocation of functions and performance between hardware and software

Performance estimation, FMEA, FTA, software cost estimates, IPR, etc.

２ Feasibility evaluation and design review

Methods of review and inspection, etc.

３Software Requirements Analysis

１ Definition of requirements for software

Modeling methods, analysis methods, requirements definition, etc.

２ Evaluation and review of required items

Methods of review and inspection, etc.

See　Embedded　Systems　Skill　Criteria　V　1.0　for　details.


Management Technology Skill Category


１ Project Management

1 Integrated ManagementWBS, EVM, conferencing, review methodology, etc.

2 Scope Management WBS, change management, etc.

3 Time ManagementPART, Gant Chart, Estimation methods, etc.

4 Cost Management ROI 、 ROE, estimates, EVM, etc.

5 Quality ManagementInspection, error analysis, statistics, trends analysis, etc.

6 Team Management Team building, OBS, etc.

7Communications Management

Methods of information sharing, etc.

8 Risk ManagementRisk analysis, decision tree analysis, risk categorization, etc.

9 Procurement ManagementPlanning, assignment, contract, management, etc.

２ Software Process Management

1 Process PlanningDefine development process, review process, etc.

2 IPR Management Regulation, management procedures

3 Mgmt of Dev. Environment

See　Skill　Criteria　v.1.0　for　details.


Career Framework

Career

Product

Manager

Project

Manager

Domain

Specialist

Systems Architect

Software Engineer

Bridge

Engineer

Support Engineer

QA Specialist

Testing

Engineer

Specialties

Embedded Systems

Embedded Software Developm

ent

Embedded Software Technologie

s (1)

Embedded Application

s

Embedded Platform

Embedded

Applications

Embedded Platform

Embedded Systems

Development

Embedded Systems

Development

Environment

Development

Process

Embedded Software Developm

ent

Embedded Systems

Development

High

Level 7

Level 6

Level 5

Mid.

Level 4

Level 3

Entry

Level 2

Level 1

(1) Technology Elements, products, standards, etc. of ETSS


Definition of Career Levels

Entry Level Mid Level High Level

Level １ Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7

Find problems and solutions with the guidance of the seniors.

Find problems and solutions in the projects

Lead technologies, methodologies, and business

Lead a company and/or an industry by developing technologies & standards

Lead the market

Recognized in the market.

Lead a company.

Organize experiences into knowledge to be applicable in the projects and staff education.

Can do every job by themselves.

Can do some jobs

by themselves

.

Can do withGuidance.

PerformRequired

Jobs(role)

Contributeto create

value


Career/Specialties and Activities

principally Partly include

Career SpecialtiesPlanni

ng

Systems

Requirement

s Analys

is

System

Process

Design

Software

Requirement

s Analy

sis

Software

Process

Design

Software

Detailed

Design

Coding and Testin

g

Software

Integration

System

Testing

Software

Installation

Maintenanc

e

Product Manager

Embedded System

Products Survey, Analysis, and

Systems Strategy Planning

Requirements Analysis &

SpecificationExaminations and decision on the changes of required specifications Change Definition

Project manager

Embedded Software

DevelopmentProject Planning Project Management

Domain Specialist

Embedded Technologies including ETSS Technology Elements, Products, and Standards, etc.

Requirements

Specification

System Proces

s Design

Reviewer

Reviewer

Reviewer

Reviewer

Design of Change

Reviewer

Systems Architect

Embedded ApplicationRequirements Specification

System Process Design

Software Requirements

AnalysisReviewer Reviewer Reviewer Reviewer

Design of ChangeReviewer

Embedded PlatformRequirements Specification

System Process Design

Software Requirements

AnalysisReviewer Reviewer Reviewer Reviewer

Design of ChangeReviewer

Software Engineer

Embedded ApplicationSoftware

Requirements Definition

Software Process Design

Software Detailed Design

Coding/Module Testing

Integrated Testing Systems TestingImplementation of

ChangeModule Testing

Embedded PlatformSoftware

Requirements Definition

Software Process Design

Software Detailed Design

Coding/Module Testing

Integrated Testing Systems TestingImplementation of

ChangeModule Testing

Bridge Engineer

Embedded Systems

Development

Communication Planning Communications management between development sites

Evaluation and support of

deliverables

Implementation of ChangeTesting

Remote Project Management

PlanningManagement of project with remote development sites

Support Engineer

Embedded Systems

Development Environment

Systems Development Environment

PlanningMaintenance and operation of systems development environment

Maintenance of Systems

Development Environment

Development Process Design, tailoring, and operations support of the development process and project monitoring

Q&A Specialist

Embedded Software

DevelopmentQuality Assurance Programs Planning Design Quality Inspection Code Inspection Integrated Testing Systems Testing

Testing Engineer

Embedded Systems

DevelopmentSystems Testing

DesignIntegrated Testing

Planning Integrated Testing Systems Testing Software Installation Testing

Changed FunctionsTesting


Upgrading Career

職種 Career A

Career B

Career C

職種Ｄ Career E

Career F

職種Ｇ

High

Level 7

Level 6

Level 5

Mid

Level 4

Level 3

Entry

Level 2

Level 1

Management

Management

OrientedOrientedManagement

Management

OrientedOriented

Testing Testing Oriented

Oriented

Testing Testing Oriented

Oriented

Career Shift

Career Upgrade

Legend

Technology Technology OrientedOriented

Technology Technology OrientedOriented

Required skills are defined to upgrade or shift skills


Curriculum and Training Courses

Level

Skill Category

Beginners・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

・・・・

・

Technological

Elements

Development

Technology

Management

Technology

Personal

Business/Industry

Basicof

IT(1)

Basicof

IT(2)

IT Skill StandardRoadmap for the Beginners

ETSSReference Curriculum for the Primers

EmbeddedSystems

Technology

EmbeddedProgramming

Course

EmbeddedSoftware

DevelopmentProjectCourse


Communication

Multimedia

InformationTechnological Elements

Systems Analysis

Software Design

Systems Design

Development

Technology

Primary IntermediateAdvanced SuperiorLow Skill Area

Low Skill Area

Understand Technical Strength and Weakness

High Skill Area

High Skill Area


Evaluate Skills of a Development Team

• Team Skills Analysis

Product ManagerProduct Manager

Q&A SpecialistQ&A Specialist

Software EngineerSoftware Engineer

Project LeaderProject Leader

System ArchitectSystem Architect

Domain SpecialistDomain Specialist

Test EngineerTest Engineer

Software EngineerSoftware EngineerSystem ArchitectSystem Architect

communication

multimedia

informationTechnological

Elements

Systems analysis & requirements

definition

ソフトウェア設計

システム設計開発技術

Make skill profiles of a development team.Make skill profiles of a development team.

Aggregate skill profiles of the team members.

Make a Make a quantitativquantitative analysis e analysis of the dev. of the dev.

teamteam

Make a Make a quantitativquantitative analysis e analysis of the dev. of the dev.

teamteam


Allocate Human Resources Optimized for the Process

Employment of human resources

A

Systems Req.

AnalysisPM

SDSP

A

TEST

A

SP

PM PM PM PM PM PM

SP

A

A

A

A

SP

A

SD

SD SD SD

TEST

SD SD SD

TEST TEST

TEST TEST TEST

SD SD

TEST TEST TEST

TEST TEST

SD

TEST

Project Management

Architect

Software Development

X Specialist

Test Engineer

SD SD

Systems Design

SoftwareReq.

Analysis

Software Design

Coding/ Unit

testing

Software Testing

Systems Testing


Technological Elements of Cellular Phones

RF/IFRF/IF

Analog Base-bandAnalog Base-band

Digital Base-band（＋application processor）Digital Base-band（＋application processor）

mainLCDmainLCD MemoryMemory

FlashROM

RAM

keyboardkeyboard

cameracamera

AudioControl

subLCDsubLCD CPU

synthesizersynthesizer

DSP

SpeakerMic.

A/DD/A


Technological Elements of DVD Recorders

ＬＣＤＬＥＤＬＣＤＬＥＤ

MemoryMemory

FlashROM

RAM

ButtonButton

IR I/FIR I/F

ＯＳＤＯＳＤCPUCPU

SynthesizerSynthesizer

TunerTuner

DVDDVD

ＨＤＤＨＤＤ

ＩＥＥＥ1394ＩＥＥＥ1394

EtherEther

ＭＰＥＧＥｎｃ

ＭＰＥＧＥｎｃ

ＭＰＥＧＤｅｃ

ＭＰＥＧＤｅｃ

ＧＰＵＧＰＵ

ＴＶＴＶ

RemoteControllerRemote

Controller

DVD

AntennaAntenna

ＤＶＤＶ

NetworkNetwork


Technological Elements of Cellular Phones (Software)

Device DriversDevice Drivers

RTOSRTOS

Applications FrameworkApplications Framework

MiddlewareMiddleware

Architecture Voice Image Protocol

DigitalImageDigitalImage

AddressDirectoryAddressDirectory PhonePhone MailMail BrowserBrowser

JavaVM

JavaVM

JavaAppsJavaApps


Technological Elements of DVD Recorders (Software)

Device DriversDevice Drivers

RTOSRTOS

Applications FrameworkApplications Framework

DVDplayback

DVDplayback

HDDplayback

HDDplayback

DVDrecording

DVDrecording

HDDrecording

HDDrecording

ReserverecordingReserverecording

VideoEditingVideoEditing

Webbrowser

Webbrowser

MiddlewareMiddleware

DVDControlDVD

ControlMPEGControlMPEGControl

GraphicControl

GraphicControl

TunerControlTuner

Control DBDB ProtocolProtocol I/OControl

I/OControl

ButtonControlButtonControl

ＬＣＤControlＬＣＤ

ControlPowerControlPowerControl

RemoteControl

RemoteControl


Technological Elements of Cellular Phones (Skill Frame)

Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Skill Item Can use

Can mak

e

Communication

Wired Communication PAN USB

RS232C

Wireless CommunicationMobile Communication PDC

CDMAShort Distance Communication Infrared data communication

Internet CommunicationTransparent Data Transfer

ppp

Ip

tcpApplied Processing http

Multimedia

Information inputImage input CameraVoice input MicrophoneMarkup language Web browser

Input Assist FunctionsImaged pattern recognition Barcode

OCR

Supplementary input functions Predictable input support

Data Processing Character data processing/conversion Kana/Kanji conversion

Image Processing

Image data formatJPEG/JPEG 2000

GIF

PNG

Video compression/decompression MPEG 1 2 4 7

H264Video recording/playback MP4

Sound Processing

Sound compression/decompression ADPCM (G726)

CELPfiltering Echo canceller

Audio device Amplifier/speaker

Microphone

AV integration Mobile 3G-324M

User Interface

Input DeviceButton Input

Button

KeyboardPlotting Input Joystick

Output Device

Display output LED

LCD

Sound output Sound

Vibration Vibrator

Image data outputFont

Barcode

Still Image

Storage MediaRemovable media SD Card

Memory storage NAND/NOR Flash Memory

Platform

Software OSKernel

Software revision

Virtual Machine Interpreter BREW

JAVA

Maintenance functions Logging

Trace

UI GUI GUI Library


Technological Elements of DVD Recorders (Skill Frame)

Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Skill Item Can use

Can mak

e

Communication

Wired Communication LAN/MAN CSMA-CDIEEE1394

Wireless Communication PAN PDCCDMA

Short Distance Communication Infrared data communication (remote)

Internet

Transparent Data Transfer TCP/IPUDP

Applied Processing

httpdnsdhcpftp

Information

SecurityEncryption Encryption technology

Intellectual property protection/management CSSCPRM

Supplementary input device Supplementary input functions TV Program tableCode input for reserved recording

Information viewerMarkup language Web browser

Video data viewer DVD playerHard disk drive

Data processiong

Database SQLRDB

Character data conversionCharacter/code conversionKana/Kanji conversionZip code conversion

MultimediaImage processing

Image data format web browser supportVideo compression/decompression MPEG 2

Video recording/playback/editingMPEG (customized)DVD-VideoDVD-VR

Graphic 2D Graphic

Graphic device MPEG Enc/DecImage engine

Sound processingSound format PCM

Audio Device Sound controlMuting

User Interface

Input device Button Remote controllerButton

Plot input Joystick

Output DeviceDisplay

LED/LCDOSDRGB

Sound SoundAlarm

StorageMedia

Removable Media CD-ROM/R/RWDVD-ROM /R/RW/RAM

Memory-type storage Flash memoryLarge volume storage HDD

Interface Permanent connection interface ATA

File SystemISO9660UDFext2fs

Sensing/Control Control Disc control DVD Drive controlPower management Power management

Platform

UI GUI GUI library

Supporting Functions LoggingMemory dump

Operating system

System bootSoftware updatesKernelDevice Drivers


Project for Skills Standards Modeling

2006-2007 • ITSS Skill Structure Model• ETSS Skill Structure Model• Survey and Mapping Skill/Competency related Standards• Skill Meta Model• Skill/Competency-Level Meta Model• Skill/Competency Management Architecture

2008-2009• Detailed Skill/Competency Management Architecture• ETSS Domain Knowledge Content Model• Skills Standards Database Structure• Skill/Competency Ontological Dictionary

4747

(5)Evidence info.

(2)Skill/compet.

info.

(1)e-profile

Learningactivity

/Learning log

design

instance

(4)Level

deliverysystem

HRIS

(3)Skill/compet.semantic info.

Leaningcourse

MLR/LOM

(6)Assessment

method/metric

(7)Meta model

refer

trace

trace

record

detail

add

elaborate

identify

submit

accept

detail

design

trace

trace

providetrace

link

ensure

link

LMS

trace

design

trace

link

trace

ensure

link

referlink

refer

4848

Operation/job

Scenario

Restrict

Processing（ action）

OutcomeContext

Skill/Comp.

ResponsibilityUnder condition

Relation with other KSAOs

Function content: technology

Prerequisiteknowledge

Function

Specified knowledgeToolObject

TaxonomyPlacement

Position value

Specified SkillFunction Condition

Performancecondition

Metrics typeRelation to sub factors

Process

1st attri. (Mandatory)

2nd attri. (Recommend)

3rd attri. (Optional)role

Essential Goal

4949

s/c_level

gradeattribution

metrics:

s/c_grade

data_typeelement

data type

value_charactervalue character

s/c_metrics:

attributiongrade_value grade value

execution

outcome

regulation

characteristics

element

s/c_metrics:

criteriaattribution


Thanks for your attention!