THE CELL

LEVEL: 3 ESOBY: Carmen Dolores García PérezYEAR: 2012/2013

VOWELS

CONSONANTS

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

ENGLISH SPANISH ENGLISH SPANISH

Due to Debido a Even Incluso

So as to + INF Para + INF Already Ya

In order to + INF Para + INF At other times Otras veces

Rather like Más bien como To be able to + INF Poder

Such as Tal como Unless A menos que

That’s why Es por eso por lo que Unlike A diferencia de

In this way De este modo Whether Si

Responsible for Responsable de To be called Se llaman

Whereas Mientras que Despite / In spite of A pesar de

On the one hand Por un lado Nowadays Hoy en día

On the other hand Por otro lado So far Hasta ahora

Furthermore Además Once again De nuevo

However Sin embargo Besides Además

Nevertheless Sin embargo Up to a point Hasta cierto punto

To be made up of Estar formado for Therefore Por lo tanto

Apart from Aparte de To be carried out by Es llevado a cabo por

Otherwise De otro modo It is up to you Es tu decisión

Likewise De la misma manera Make up your mind Decídete

In fact De hecho So on Sucesivamente

According to Según Throughout A través de

LANGUAGE USAGE “The” Doble comparativo Anything Either _________ or _________ Neither __________ nor ____________ It is _________ wide It is ___________long It is _________ thick Comparativo y superlativo Whitish - ly un- in- Eating is…. (sustantivo) What is she like? AND How is she like? Make it do something May Futuro y condicional For + ING / to + INF Whether and if In / On / At Necessary for + ING Nexos By To be able to / Can Verbo haber

A GUIDE TO THE UNIT

A HISTORY OF THE CELLTHE CELLULAR THEORYCELL STRUCTURETYPES OF CELLSTHE PROKARYOTIC CELLEUKARYOTIC CELLSVIDEO

VOCABULARYENGLISH SPANISH PHONETICSEukaryotic

Prokaryotic

Cellular membrane

Ribosome

DNA

Cytoplasm

Nuclear membrane

Nucleus (nuclei)

Mitochondrion (mitochondria)

Chloroplast

Endoplasmic reticulum

Vacuole

Lysosome

Golgi apparatus

Centrosome

Flagellum (flagella)

Cell wall

INTRODUCTION

THE CELLULAR THEORY

All living beings are made up of cells. Unicellular beings have one cell. Pluricellular beings have many cells.

The cell is the anatomic and physiologic unit of living beings. They do the three vital functions: nutrition, interaction and reproduction.

Every cell comes from another cell.

CELL STRUCTURE

Every cell is made up of:

Plasmatic membrane. It protects and isolates the cell.

Cytoplasm. All chemical reactions happen here.

DNA. It controls the cell and contains the hereditary material.

Ribosomes. They make proteins.

TYPES OF CELLS- Prokaryotic cells They have DNA free. They have NO nucleus. They

have few organelles.

- Eukaryotic cells They have DNA inside a nucleus. They have a nuclear

membrane. They have many organelles.- Animal cells. They have centrioles and can have

flagella.

- Plant cells. They have a cell wall, chloroplasts, big vacuoles.

THE PROKARYOTIC CELLClick on the arrow

IT GIVES SHAPE TO THE CELL

PLASMATIC MEMBRANE

CELL WALL

CYTOPLASM

DNA

RIBOSOMES

FLAGELLUM

IT PROTECTS AND ISOLATES THE CELL

ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS HAPPEN HERE

IT CONTROLS THE CELL AND CONTAINS THE HEREDITARY MATERIAL

THE ANIMAL CELLClick on every organelle

GOLGI APPARATUS

VACUOLE

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

RIBOSOMES

CENTRIOLES

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM

PLASMATIC MEMBRANESMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

LYSOSOME

MITOCHONDRION

PLANT CELLClick on the organelle

NUCLEUS

PLASMATIC MEMBRANE

CELL WALL

GOLGI APPARATUS

MITOCHONDRION

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

VACUOLE

CHLOROPLAST

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

RIBOSOMES

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

LET’S MAKE ACTIVITY 1 LET’S MAKE ACTIVITY 2

ACTIVITY 1: ORGANELLES (TICK)PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC

ANIMAL PLANT

Vacuole

Centrosome

Chloroplasts

Cell wall

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Nuclear membrane

Cellular membrane

Lysosomes

Flagella

DNA

√ √

√

√

√ √

√ √

√ √ √

√ √

√ √

√ √

√ √ √

√ √

√ √

√ √ √

ACTIVITY 2: LABEL THE PARTS OF THE CELL

ACTIVITY 2: LABEL THE PARTS OF THE CELL

ACTIVITY 2: LABEL THE PARTS OF THE CELL

RIBOSOMESThey have 2 units.

They have NO membrane.

They can be FREE or associated to ER, mitochondria or chloroplasts.

Their main function is to make proteins.

They are in prokaryotic, animal and plant cells.

SMALL UNIT

LARGE UNIT

FLAGELLUM

They have NO membrane.

They can be found in prokaryotic and animal cells.

Their function is movement.

MITOCHONDRIAThey have 2 membranes.

They have their own DNA.

They are in animal and plant cells.

Their function is RESPIRATION to produce energy.

INNER MEMBRANEOUTER MEMBRANE

DNA

ER-AG: LYSOSOMES, VACUOLES

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

PLASMATIC MEMBRANE

LYSOSOMES VACUOLES

NUCLEUS

GOLGI APPARATUS

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

SET OF MEMBRANES .SMOOTH: IT MAKES LIPIDSROUGH: IT MAKES PROTEINS

FLAT SACCULES.IT PRODUCES GLUCOSE AND STORES BIOMOLECULES

THEY HAVE MEMBRANE.THEY STORE SUBSTANCES

THEY HAVE MEMBRANE.THEY MAKE DIGESTION

VESICLESTHEY HAVE MEMBRANE.THEY STORE AND TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES

CENTROSOME: CENTRIOLES

They have NO membrane.

They are 2 in perpendicular.

They help in movement and in division.

They are ONLY in animal cells.

CHLOROPLAST- They have 2 membranes.- They have their own DNA. Their function is to produce O2 and organic matter in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS.- They are ONLY in plant cells.

INORGANIC MATTER►

►O2

SOLAR ENERGY

H2O► ►ORGANIC MATTER

CO2►OUTER MEMBRANE

TILACOID

INNER MEMBRANE

DNA

ACTIVITY 2: MAKE THE CROSSWORD.

ACROSS

2. They help in movement and division 8. It makes digestion 10. They make respiration 12. It gives shape to the cell 13. It contains DNA14. It makes proteins 16. It makes lipids and proteins, lysosomes, vacuoles and vesicles

DOWN

1. It stores substances 3. It moves the cell 8. They make photosynthesis 14. It makes glucose and lysosomes, vacuoles and vesicles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

G

LG

IAP

PA

AT

S

C E N T R I O L E S

L Y S O S O M E

M I T O C H O N D R I A

C E L L W A L L

R I B O S O M E

E N D O P L A S M I C R E T I C U L U M

F

LAG

EL

UMV

A

UO

L

CH

L

R

P

A

T

N U C L E U S

ACTIVITY 3: WATCH THE VIDEO AND FILL IN THE GAPS NAME:SURNAME: DATE:

WHAT ARE CELLS LIKE? Cells are the basic units from which most living beings are __________ up. Cells are so tiny they cannot be seen with the naked_____________. Nowadays, we ___________that practically all existing organisms are either cells themselves or are made up of _____________in unvariable quantities. More complex organisms can be composed of several _____________cells. In superior beings different kinds of cells join together to form tissues which have specific functions within the _______________they make up. Muscular tissue cells, for______________, have a some more elongated shape. Nerve______________, called neurones, on the other hand, have a more or less star-shape and can also possess very long extensions. All cells, ______________, contain the same elements and processes. CELLULAR FUNCTION All cells have _______________linked together in a determined way, making up ____________chains. Bacteria have no defined nuclei and for this reason are called ______________cells. But cells making up the _____________of plants and animals are eucaryotic. In other words, they have a well-defined ______________in whose interior are the chromosomes. They are composed of three basic elements: nucleus, cytoplasm and the______________. Chromosomes, within the cell, contain all the necessary _____________information. Plants need more rigid cellular structures, and so, apart from their membrane, they also have a cellular_________. All necessary information regarding cellular activity is found in the cell______________, filed away in the chromosomes genetic code and it´s from here all

cellular functions are coordinated and controlled. Each cell continuously receives more _____________through the membrane, which in turn, controls everything what enters and leaves the cell itself. Vegetable __________carry out the process of photosynthesis. Animal cells, on the other hand, ______________synthesize organic compounds. Proteins are manufactured in the endoplasmatic reticule thanks to the invaluable collaboration of some minute organisms known as______________. The apparatus of Golgi intervenes in the synthesis of some __________and also transports and stores others. Lysosomes carry out _____________functions and break down the larger molecules. The _____________the cell needs is apported by respiration and stored in small centres called mitochondrions. The cellular _______________acts as a sort of radar. Single-celled organisms may be sensitive to thermal, chemical, physical, _________and even gravitational stimuli.

CHECK YOUR ANSWERS

SOLUTIONS TO THE VIDEONAME: SURNAME: DATE:

WHAT ARE CELLS LIKE? Cells are the basic units from which most living beings are made up. Cells are so tiny they cannot be seen with the naked eye. Nowadays, we know that practically all existing organisms are either cells themselves or are made up of cells in unvariable quantities. More complex organisms can be composed of several billions cells. In superior beings different kinds of cells join together to form tissues which have specific functions within the organism they make up. Muscular tissue cells, for example, have a some more elongated shape. Nerve cells, called neurones, on the other hand, have a more or less star-shape and can also possess very long extensions. All cells, however, contain the same elements and processes. CELLULAR FUNCTION All cells have chromosomes linked together in a determined way, making up DNA chains. Bacteria have no defined nuclei and for this reason are called procaryotic cells. But cells making up the tissues of plants and animals are eucaryotic. In other words, they have a well-defined nucleus in whose interior are the chromosomes. They are composed of three basic elements: nucleus, cytoplasm and the membrane. Chromosomes, within the cell, contain all the necessary genetic information. Plants need more rigid cellular structures, and so, apart from their membrane, they also have a cellular wall. All necessary information regarding cellular activity is found in the cell nucleus, filed away in the chromosomes genetic code and it´s from

here all cellular functions are coordinated and controlled. Each cell continuously receives more material through the membrane, which in turn, controls everything what enters and leaves the cell

itself. Vegetable cells carry out the process of photosynthesis. Animal cells, on the other hand, cannot synthesize organic compounds. Proteins are manufactured in the endoplasmatic reticule thanks to the invaluable collaboration of some minute organisms known as

ribosomes. The apparatus of Golgi intervenes in the synthesis of some proteins and also transports and stores others. Lysosomes carry out digestive functions and break down the larger molecules. The energy the cell needs is apported by respiration and stored in small centres called mitochondrions. The cellular membrane acts as a sort of radar. Single-celled organisms may be sensitive to thermal, chemical, physical, electrical and even gravitational stimuli.