(TERM PAPER)

SMRITI KARAN(B.A HONS)-2ND YRAPPLIED PSY.ENROLLMENT NO.A1506908012

INTRODUCTION:

In psychology ,as well as other social sciences, aggression refers to behavior between members of the same species that is intended to cause pain or harm.

Aggression takes variety of forms among humans and can be: Physical Mental Verbal

Assertiveness (which is used interchangeably among laypeople)

DEFINITION:

BERKOWITZ(1981)-When people define someone as aggressive; they might be saying that he frequently attempts to hurt others , or, that he is often unfriendly, or, in a quite different sense: that he is typically very forceful and tries to get his own way in his dealings with others , or, maybe that he assertively stands up for his beliefs , or, perhaps that he usually attempts to solve the problems facing him.

It can be classified as a:Behavior

Harm or Injury

TYPES OF AGGRESSION EXAMPLES

PHYSICAL-ACTIVE -DIRECT PUNCHING..

PHYSICAL-ACTIVE-INDIRECT HIRING AN ASSASIN TO KILL A PERSON

PHYSICAL-PASSIVE-DIRECT PERFORMING A DESIRED ACT

PHYSICAL-PASSIVE-INDIRECT

REFUSIN TO PERFORM NECESSARY TASK

VERBAL-ACTIVE-DIRECT INSULTING

VERBAL-ACTIVE-INDIRECT GOSSIPING

VERBAL-PASSIVE-DIRECT REFUSING TO SPEAK

VERBAL-PASSIVE-INDIRECT FAILURE TO SPEAK FOR SOMEONE’S DEFENSE

AGGRESSION INVOLVES AN AVOIDANCE-MOTIVATED RECIPIENT

There are 2 broad categories of aggression:• HOSTILE AGGRESSION: is to do something aggressive and get some sort of satisfaction from it. • INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION: it is basically to do act in an aggressive way to preserve some kind of environmental reward out of it.

Aggression in humans ranges through :FEAR INDUCED AGGRESSIONPARENTAL DISCIPLINARY AGGRESSIONMATERNAL AGGRESSIONSEXUAL AGGRESSION

THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

Frustration- Aggression Theory

Social Learning Theory

Instinctive-Aggression Theory

Excitation Transfer Theory

Cue Arousal Theory

Deindividuation

CAUSES OF AGGRESSION

Unfulfilled human needs and desiresNeurosisDesperationEnvyGreedCollectivismSituational factorsCultural factor

THE STRESSORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AGGRESSION

Temperature

Noise

Overcrowding

Media effect

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AGGRESSION

Asking questions. The aggressor may simply want attention, which he or she interprets as respect.

Offering an apology.

Setting firm limits but in a calm and non-confrontational voice and manner.

Asking the individual to leave the grounds.

TIPS TO CONTROL AGGRESSION

Soothe yourself by practicing deep breathing exercises, listening music and visualizing relaxing scenes.

Count to 10 before reacting or leave the situation all together.

Think carefully before you say anything.

Try to work out solutions with the person who made you angry

Try to defuse your anger by using humor.

CONCLUSION

Aggression is a behavioral characteristic that refers to forceful actions or procedures with intentions to dominate or master. It tends to be hostile, injurious, or destructive, and is often motivated by frustration. For an individual, aggressive behavior is considered understandable and normal under appropriate circumstances, but when it is frequent, intense, lasting, and pervasive, it is more likely to be a symptom of a mental disorder.Aggression between groups, can be in the form of healthy competition, but can become harmful when unfair or unjust disadvantage or frustration is perceived, leading to hostility.