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TEHRI DAM
Presentation Flow
Why Dams?? Introduction : Tehri Dam History Project Details Benefits Issues and Protests Major Concerns Mitigation Measures Realities Conclusion Refernces
Why dams???
Hydro-power is a clean, renewable, low-cost alternative.
Flexible and reliable and more efficient than any other form of electricity generation.
Supports various kinds of aesthetic and recreational activities.
Other benefits : manage floodwater, irrigate fields, and provide water supply
Tehri Dam
Initially taken up by the Irrigation Department of the Uttar Pradesh government.
In 1988, was taken over by a joint venture company of the Government of India and the Uttar Pradesh government, called the Tehri Hydro Development Corporation(THDC)
Tehri Dam : Introduction
Location •On the Bhagirathi River•200 miles north east of Delhi
Height •855 feet (261 m)•5th tallest dam in the world
Capacity•Power generation capacity of 2400 MW•Provision of irrigation to an area of 270,000 hectares•Supply of 270 million gallons of drinking water
1949 Tehri dam conceived
1961 Tehri chosen as a tentative site for the dam
1978 Actual construction of the dam begins under police protection
History
1980 EAC appointed by the government, refuses environmental clearance
1987 GoI announced in the media that the project has been cleared
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1990 Feb :EAC rejects the dam again
July : Conditional clearance by MoEF
Project Details
First multipurpose river valley project on Bhagirathi, the main tributary of the Ganga.
260.5m high earth and rockfill dam, spillway structures and an underground power house.
The spillways have been designed for a Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) of 15540 cumecs computed for a return frequency of 1 in 10,000 years at the project site.
Four diversion tunnels
Benefits To Nation / Region
2400 MW of environmen
t friendly Peaking Power
Irrigation of 2.7 lakh ha. of new area
162 million Gallons per
day of water
supply to Delhi
All round development of the region
through better infrastructure
and easy availability of
electricity.
Development of
pisciculture
Benefits To Affected Population
Development of Hill Station Better Road Network Education Health Electrification Drinking Water Facilities Setting of New Industries Tourism Commercial Centre
Negative Impacts
Change in the (i) water chemistry, especially with respect to dissolved oxygen and (ii) turbidity of water.
Impact on biodiversity, i.e., flora and fauna of the area.
Obstruction of movements of migrating fish species during breeding season.
Reduction in the capacity and life of reservoir was studied
Issues Relating Tehri Dam
Human Rights• Forced
displacement of 67-97,000 people
• Diverting water from poor communities
Environmental• Catastrophic
flood danger• Multiple
environmental reviews recommending cancellation
Corruption• Six corruption
cases• CBI inquiry
but no results
Protests
1978 - Tehri Bandh Virodhi Sangharsh Samiti (TBVSS)
74-day hunger strike in 1996 by Sunderlal Bahuguna
Many Anti-dam rallies and protest
Protester with anti-Tehri Dam slogans
Work stopped
MAJOR CONCERNS
Obsolete Dam Design
The design of the dam was finalized in the 1960s when scientific understanding of seismic hazards and seismic engineering solutions were far less advanced than today
Seismic Risks
Location : world's most earthquake-prone regions with several fault lines traversing the project area.
Not adequately equipped to withstand earthquakes of the magnitude expected during its life span
Designed for 7.2 ; expected : 8.5 or more
One of the leading seismologists in the world, Professor James Brune, has described Tehri as “one of the most dangerous dams world-wide.”
Floods
If the dam fails or a major landslide causes a huge wave to overtop the reservoir, a 260-meter high flood wave would crash down into the densely populated valleys below the dam, burying the towns of Rishikesh, Hardwar, Bijnor, Meerut, Hapur and Bulandshahar within hours and devastating large areas of the Gangetic Plains.
Estimate : 10 million people
December 2001 : main bridge leading to Tehri town and nearby areas submerged.
Can lead to complete submergence of Tehri Town and surrounding villages.
TEHRI DAM THEN AND NOW
A couple watch as Tehri is swallowed by the waters of
the Bhagirathi.
A poignant scene in Sirai village as the residents
prepare to leave.
Farmer Bishen Singh looks at his field, which will soon be
submerged.
The floods have hit millions of people in the region
The Poor Subsidizing the Rich
Massive transfer of water from the Himalayan region to New Delhi, where the average per capita consumption of water is 250 liters per day as compared to 10 liters per day for the villagers of the Tehri region
“The Tehri project is stealing from the poor to subsidize the rich,” says Bahuguna.
Forced Resettlement
Around 1 lakh affected directly or indirectly.
No resettlement plan : some given compensation , some house , others nothing
rehabilitation appalling, even though a sum of Rs 1117.15 lakhs is reported to have been spent
Financial Viability Issues
A cost-benefit analysis by the Indian National Trust for Art and Culture Heritage (INTACH) came to the conclusion that the costs of the US$2 billion project will be at least twice as high as the expected benefits.
Tehri is “an enormous squandering of public money.
Financial Viability Issues
1980 : Rs.206 crores 1994 : Estimated price - US$612 million 1999 : Estimated price - US$1.2 billion On Completion of first phase : July 2006
More than US$ 2.5 billion
Other Concerns
Life of Dam Projected 100 years due to the huge volume of sediment that will be
trapped in its reservoir – reduced to 30-40 Cost of electricity per unit
almost trice the average cost of power supply in the neighboring states
NEW TEHRI
New Tehri
Situated at an elevation between 1550 to 1950 mts.
A modern and well planned town Important centre of attraction
TEHRI IN PICTURES
Old Tehri
Just Before the construction
Tehri Dam Lake
Bridge Across Tehri Dam
Construction Work
Muddy waters from Tehri Dam construction
Diversion Tunnel
Top View
Submerging Tehri
New Tehri
MITIGATION MEASURES
Measures For Ecological Impacts
Compensatory Afforestation•afforestation in an area of 4586.07 ha. in Lalitpur and Jhansi District.
Catchment Area Treatment•to reduce soil erosion•52,204 ha treated
Command Area Development•to mitigate water-logging and salinity•the network of field channels and drains were developed
Flora and Fauna•Botanical Garden(14.28 ha.) to preserve important flora•Mahseer fish - Mahseer Fish Hatchery and fish Farm
Water Quality Maintenance•no adverse effect on the water quality•5 monitoring stations at upstream and downstream
Green Belt•along the rim of the reservoir•along the rim of the reservoir and resultant siltation; to protect and regenerate the vegetation ; to increase the natural beauty
Measures For Social Impacts
Better Quality of Living•Urban : Better facilities, scope for expansion, planned growth.•Rural : better infrastructure and better quality of life. New road network and taped drinking water supply
Employment Generating Schemes•Dependents of the project affected families was preferred for jobs in THDC•For treatment and soil conservation work
Income Generating Schemes•Khadi production cum training center•Mushroom cultivation training organized by UP State Horticulture & Food Preservations Deptt
Realities
Compensation has been reserved for those who had land in their name before 1985
Only Who had more than half of their lands acquired qualify for complete rehabilitation
Government's rehabilitation policy does not clearly state anything about partially submerged villages
Conclusion
“This is a dam built with our tears”
………… Sunderlal Bahuguna