Technology Next :: Hindi Tech Magazine

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technology

is a technique

of science

which is a

turning point

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vki vius cgqewY; lq>ko gesa t:j Hkstsa A [email protected] ij

Technology Next Team

lEikndh;

CONTENTSCareer :

Career in Web Technology ........................................................................ 3

Testing Zone :

Rollback RX 8.1 ..........................................................................................4

Tips & Tricks :

Windows ds Shortcuts ...............................................................................5

Workshop :

vikds PC dk Routine Checkup .................................................................6-7

Operating System :

UNIX : the king of OS .............................................................................8-10

Hardware :

DEI;wVj ds vUnj D;k gS...........................................................................12-13

Multimedia :

eYVhehfM;k vkSj mlds vk;ke ......................................................................15

Networking :

Netwoking : Connecting computers ...................................................16-19

Quiz ....................................................................................................... 20

PublisherPawan Kumar.

Asst. EditorSri Ram Sharma

Editorial TeamRishi KumarNitish KumarKumar HarshaShiv Ram SharmaRaghu Ram SharmaSneha KumariPriyanka Kumari

Graphic DesignerNivesh KumarNitish Kumar

Sales & MarketingRavi Kr. TiwariDinesh Kr. Sharma

Corporate Office :1st Floor, Near SBI ATMAbove Amit Book Depot,Opp : Patna College, Ashok Raj Path, Patna -4Ph : +91-612-3261091

mail us [email protected]

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Career inWeb TechnologyWeb technology is fastest growing career in India

lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds bl ;qx esa gj dksbZ viuh Website

cukdj Internet ds bl fo'kky lalkj esa viuh mifLFkfr ntZ

djoku pkgrk gSA vius ckjs esa gj dksbZ nqfu;kHkj dks tkudkjh

nsuk pkgrk gS vkSj bu lwpukvksa dks nqfu;kHkj esa website ds

ekè;e ls gh Hkstrk gSA Website dks design djus dk dke

djrk gS Web designer.

Web designingdksbZ Hkh osclkbV rS;kj djus ds fy, igys mlds uke dk Mksesu

cqd djkuk iM+rk gSA blds fy, vko';drkuqlkj Server

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vkidks viuh Website access djus ds fy,

Password eqgS;k djk,xh ftlls vki le;≤ ij Site

dks Update djus ds fy, lwpuk,sa Upload dj ldsaA

Web DesignerWeb Designer dks dykdkj gksus ds lkFk&lkFk

Computer engineer Hkh gksuk pkfg,A Website

design djus ds fy, Photoshop, Illustrator, vkSj

Dream weaver tSls Software dh enn yh tkrh gSA

ist ij Animation effect Mkyus ds fy, Adobe

Flash dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blds ckn HTML, CSS,

vkSj Java Script tSlh Computer Language }kjk

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Website esa Webpage gksrs gSaA Web Designer tgk¡

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,d Web Designer dks E-commerse, Flash

Animation, HTML and CSS, Design Database, Integration search engin optimization vknh esa

dke djus dh iwjh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A

NeccessitydbZ futh rduhdh laLFkku Web Designing esa

Certificate course djokrs gS] ysfdu Computer

Science, Graphic Designing ;k Digital Media esa

Batchler degree iQk;nsean gksrh gSA dqN daifu;ka vius

;gka Web designers dks muds Portfolio ds vk/kj ij

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Roll Back RX ,d System Restore Software gS tks fd mi;ksx esa vR;ar ljy] lqfo/ktud ,oa rst gSA

1- bl lkWÝVos;j dh lgk;rk ls vki vius Computer System dks fdlh Hkh iwoZor fLFkfr esa ys tk ldrs gSA

;g lkWÝVos;j vkidks vius Computer dh leL;kvksa ds fuokj.k esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

Roll Back RX 8.1 ,d Real time data recovery utility gSA ;fn dHkh vkidk MkVk [kks tkrk gS ;k

vkids Computer esa fdlh Hkh rjg dk Software Problem vk;s rks Roll Back RX 8.1 dh enn ls vki

bl eqlhcr ls feuVksa esa NqVdkjk ik ldrs gSaA

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Roll Back RX Software vkidks Restore facility ds vykok File, Folder, ,oa Data Recovery dh

lqfo/k iznku djrk gSA bl lkWÝVos;j dks vki Scheduled Hkh dj ldrs gSa] ;kfu ;s vkids vuqlkj vkids

Computer dks Restore ;k mldk Snapshot ys ldrk gSA

;g lkWÝVos;j mu lHkh yksxks ds fy, mi;ksxh gS tks fd vDlj vius Computer dks Format djrs jgrs gS ;k

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Win -

Win + E -

Win + R -

Win + F -

Win + D -

Win + M -

Shift + Win + M -

Win + F1 -

Win + Pause Break -

Alt + Tab -

Spacebar -

Alt -

Alt + letter -

F2 -

F4 -

Shift + Del -

Alt + F4 -

Alt + Space + C -

Alt + Space + X -

Alt + Space + N -

Alt + Space + R -

Alt + Enter -

Backspace -

Start Menu dks [kksyus ds fy,

Windows Explorer dks vkjaHk djus ds fy,

Run Command dks vkjaHk djus ds fy,

Find Command dks vkjaHk djus ds fy,

Desktop ij tkus ds fy,

fdlh Window dks djus Minimize ds fy,

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Windows Help dks [kksyus ds fy,

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djus ds fy,

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fdlh Hkh Window dks can djus ds fy,

fdlh Hkh Window dks can djus ds fy,

fdlh Hkh Window dks Maximize djus ds fy,

fdlh Hkh Window dks Minimize djus ds fy,

fdlh Hkh Window dks Restore djus ds fy,

fdlh Hkh File/Folder ds Properties dks tkuus ds

fy,

Window Explorer ;k My Computer esa ,d

Folder mQij tkus ds fy,

Windows ds Shortcuts

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MonitorsMonitors, Computer dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gS

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5- ;g ges'kk è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd screen dk

Routine Checkupvkids PC dkWORKSHOP


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ds platter dks can djus ds fy, mlds panel esa fLFkr button dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg, A

Speakers

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UNIX : the king of OSvki lHkh Computer Hardware vkSj Software

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that is loaded into the computer's memory

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there. An operating system runs programs and

controls all resources that the program require.

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directories, sending mails etc.

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UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM DOS vkSj Windows ds vykok ,d vkSj operating

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6- man dekaM ds tfj, ge UNIX ds gj dekaM ds ckjs esa Online help ys ldrs gSa A

SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR Unix ,d security conscious OS gS A ;g fliZQ

mu persons ds }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS tksfd viuk vyx account j[kuk pkgrs gSa A ;fn lkS ls Hkh T;knk users gSa rks mUgsa la;e esa j[kus ds ,d fo'ks"k user gksrk gS ftls lkjh

OPERATING SYSTEM


'kfDr;k¡ çnku gksrh gS ftls ge System Administrator

dgrs gSa A Administrator dk Lo;a ds mi;ksx ds fy, vyx account gk srk gS tk sfd root dgykrk gS A Administrator gh çR;sd user ds fy, account dk fu/kZj.k djrk gS rFkk çR;sd user ds fy, account dk fu/kZj.k djrk gS ftls user-id dgk tkrk gS rFkk çR;sd dks ,d xqIr Code çnku fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd password dgykrk gS A vc vki fdlh Hkh terminal ij cSBdj vius user

account esa user-id vkSj password Vkbi djds tk ldrs gSa A LOGGING IN AND OUT

vius account esa ços'k djus rFkk mlls ckgj fudyus dh fØ;k logging In vkSj logging Out dgykrh gS A tSls gh vki UNIX ds fdlh VfeZuy dks On djrs gSa rks vkids lkeus fuEufyf[kr prompt vk tk;sxk A

login :

vc vxj vkidk user-id "pawan" gS rks vki bl prompt ij "pawan" type djsaxs A vxj vkidk user-id

lgh gS rks vkids lkeus password dk prompt vk tk;sxk A login : pawanpassword :

vc vki viuk password type djds vius account esa tk ldrs gSa A

viu saccount l sckgj vku sd s fy, ge as logout djuk gkxs k A ;g fuEu çdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gS %&

1- command prompt ij Ctrl vkSj d dks nckus ls

$ [Ctrl-d]

login :

2- command prompt ij logout ;k exit Vkbi djus ij

$ logout [enter]

login :;k $ exit [exit]login :

viuk ikloMZ cnyuk %viuk password cnyus ds fy, ge passwd uked command dk fuEu çdkj ls ç;ksx djrs gSa %&$ passwd [enter]

old password : ***** [enter]

new password : ***** [enter]

renter password : ***** [enter]

$ _

OPERATING SYSTEM

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Users dk details ns[kus ds fy, % UNIX ,d multuser operating system gS A vxj vki tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd fdrus users vHkh dke dj jgsa gSa rks who

command ds tfj, vki ;g dj ldrs gSa A$ who [enter]pawan tty01 May 08 12:05rahul tty05 May 08 14:18

bl rjg gesa user dk uke] terminal dk uke blds login dk date vkSj time Kkr gksrk gS A vius terminal dks tkuus ds fy, %vius terminal ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy, tty command

Vkbi djsa A $ tty [enter]/dev/tty01

Unix esa dke djrs le; fuEu ckrksa dk è;ku vo'; j[kuk pkfg;s %1- Unix dk çR;sd command lowercase esa Vkbi

gksrk gS A Uppercase esa Vkbi djus ls xyr gks tk;sxk A

2- çR;sd ykbu ds input ds ckn Enter key dks hit djuk t:jh gksrk gS A

3- fdlh Hkh character ;k line dks delete djus ds fy, backspace key dk use u djds ge delete key

;k [Ctrl vkSj h] dk ç;ksx djrs gSa A 4- fdlh Hkh command dks chp esa gh jksdus ds fy, [Ctrl

vkSj d ] dk ç;ksx djrs gSa] tgk¡ ;g dekaM dke ugha djrk gS ogk¡ fuEu key sequences dk mi;ksx gksrk gS &[Ctrl vkSj c][delete]

5- fdlh Hkh dekaM ds display dks jksddj ns[kus ds fy, [Ctrl vkSj s] dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mls iqu% vkajHk djus ds fy, [Ctrl vkSj q] dk ç;ksx gksrk gS A

Files vkSj directory ds lkFk dke djuk %&1- Directories cukus ds fy, %

UNIX esa directories cukus ds fy, ge mkdir

command dk ç;ksx djrs gSa A $ mkdir docs$ _

2- files vkSjd irectories dksl isting djuk %ftl rjg DOS esa ge dir command dk ç;ksx listing djus esa djrs gSa mlh çdkj UNIX esa ls com-

mand dk ç;ksx djrs gSa A

$ lsdocsabc

3- directory structure esa fopj.k djuk %UNIX esa vius directory ls ckgj fudyus ;k cnyus ds fy, igys gesa vius directory ds LFkku dks tkuuk gksxk A blds fy, ge pwd command dk ç;ksx djrs gSa A$ pwd/home/pawanbl çdkj vkidks irk pyrk gS fd vki home

directory ds pawan uked subdirectory esa gSa A ihNs geus ,d directory cuk;k gS docs uke dk A vc cd command ds tfj, ge viuk directory cnysaxs A $ cd docs$ _;fn ge iqu% pwd command ls ns[ksa rks vius vkidks /home/pawan/docs ds vanj ik;saxs A

4- files dks cukuk rFkk ns[kuk %dksbZ Hkh u;k file cukus ds fy, ge echo dekaM dk mi;ksx djrs gSa rFkk mls ns[kusa ds fy, cat dekaM dk A mnkgj.k Lo:i (d) file cukuk$ echo Today is Monday. > note1$ _bl çdkj note1 uke dk ,d file cu x;k gS ftlesa Today is Monday. laxzfgr gks x;k gS A ([k) file ns[kuk$ cat note1Today is Monday.

5- fdlh file ds lines, words vkSj characters dks fxuuk %bl çfd;k ds ge wc uke ds dekaM dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A $ wc note1

1 3 16 note1bl çdkj gesa ;g irk pyrk gS fd note iQkby esa ,d line] rhu words rFkk 16 characters gSa A UNIX ds files lS¼kafrd :i esa cgqr gh lk/kj.k gksrs gSa A

UNIX ds basic commands ds tfj, vki complex

commands routines dks dk;kZfUor dj ldrs gSa A UNIX

çR;sd directories vkSj devices dks files dh rjg gh le>rk gS A UNIX gesa Graphic User Interface Hkh çnku djrk gS A bl rjg ge dg ldrs gSa fd UNIX ,d 'kfDr'kkyh operating system gS A


OPERATING SYSTEM

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vkt d s Hi-tech ;xq e as dEI;Vw j dk mi;kxs cgrq rts h l s c<r+ k tk jgk g S A ykxs dEI;Vw j l s

:&c&: gk s jg as g aS ijUr q ge lc e as cgrq gh de ykxs dEI;Vw j d s lHkh vxa k as d s ckj s e as tkur s g aS A

vkt dEI;Vw j d s ikVlZ~ d s [kjkch d s uke ij gkMoZ ;s j edS fs ud ilS s ,Bsa yrs s g aS A ;fn ge ikVlZ~ k as d s

ckj s e as rFkk mld s dk;fZ of/ dh tkudkjh j[k as rk s ge as nk s çdkj d s iQk;n as fn[kxas s A igyk & NkVs &s ekVs s

[kjkfc;k as dk s ge [knq Bhd dj ldr s g aS rFkk nlw jk fd dkbs Z Hkh ge as xyr&lyr crykdj ilS s ugh a

,Bas ldrk A vkb; s vkx s ge dEI;Vw j ikVlZ~ k as d s ckj s e as ppk Z dj as A

dEI;wVj ds vUnj D;k gS \ \

dEI;wVj esa fuEufyf[kr eq[; devices gksrs gSa %&

1- Enclosures (Chasis or Case), 2-

Power Supply, 3- Motherboard vkSj blls

lacaf/r parts, 4- Video System, 5- Sound

System, 6- Drive System, 7- MODEMs rFkk

8- Input Devices

vkb, vc ge ,d&,d dj bldh ppkZ djsa A

1- Enclosures (Chasis or Case)%

Enclosures dks Chasis ;k case Hkh dgk tkrk

gS A Chasis, computer dk mechnical <k¡pk gS

ftlds vUnj dEI;wVj ikV~Zl dls gq, gksrs gSa A Chasis ds

gksus ls nks iQk;ns gSa & igyk fd dEI;wVj ds çR;sd ikV~Zl

lqjf{kr <ax ls dls gq, gksrs gSa ftlls fd mlds physical

damage gksus dk Mj de gksrk gS] nwljs fd dEI;wVj dk

chasis mlds power supply ls ground gksrk gS tks

fd computer ds ikV~Zl dks voltage ds fluctuation

ls gksus okys nq"çHkko ls cpkrk gS A dEI;wVj dk psfpl eq[;r%

rhu çdkj dk gksrk gS%& (1) baby case, (2)

Fesktop case rFkk (3) tower case A Baby

case ds }kjk 130&175 watt fctyh dh [kir gksrh gS

tcfd desktop ds tfj, 200&250 watt dh rFkk

Desktop case ds tfj, 300 watt ;k mlls T;knk

fctyh dh [kir gksrh gS A

2- Power Supply :

dEI;wVj esa disk drives vkSj motherboard dkss

fctyh çnku SMPS uked device ds tfj, gksrh gS A ;g

device eq[;r% nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa & (1) AT vkSj (2)

ATX A AT power supply esa computer ds shut

down ds i'pkr gesa power supply dks Hkh off djuk

iM+rk gS tcfd ATX esa shut down gksrs le; dEI;wVj

SMPS dks ,d signal Hkstrk gS tks fd shut down ds

i'pkr SMPS dks Lo;a gh off dj nsrk gS A

3- Motherboard vkSj blls lacaf/r parts %

Motherboard dEI;wVj dk ân; vkSj vkRek nksuksa gS A ;s lkjs devices dks ,d lkFk tksM+rk gS A fdlh dEI;wVj ds motherboard ds specification ls gh ml dEI;wVj dh {kerk vkSj limitations dk vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gS A motherboard ds eq[; rRo fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

Form factor - ;g motherboard ds power supply type dks fu/kZfjr djrk gS A tSls fd og motherboard, AT gS ;k ATX A

Expansion Slot - gj motherboard esa ;g fofHkUu çdkj ds gksrs gSa tSls ISA slot, PCI slot, AGP slot, USB slot, AMR slot A bu lHkh expansion slots ls vyx&vyx expansion cards dks tksM+k tkrk gS A

CPU - gj motherboard ds CPU support dh {kerk vyx&vyx vk/kjksa ij gksrh gS A tSls & CPU Socket ds vk/kj ij rFkk CPU clock speed ds vk/kj ij A

Main memory - çR;sd motherboard esa main memory dks support djus dh ,d vf/dre lhek ?kksf"kr gksrh gS A main memory dks RAM dgk tkrk gS A

BIOS (Basic Input Output System) - motherboard ds mQij fLFkr permanent memory gS tks fd computer ds hardware dks operating system ds lkFk tksM+us okys funsZ'kksa dks store j[krk gS A

Chipset Support - vkt ds motherboard esa mldh vf/dka'k {kerk chipset ds mQij fuHkZj djrh gS A dbZ chipset rks fliQZ fo'ks"k CPUs dks gh support djrs gSa A Chipset dbZ rjg ds

HARDWARE


features dks support djrs gSa tSls & (serial ports, parallel ports, keyboard port, mouse port bR;kfn ) A

4- Video System :-

lHkh dEI;Vw j e as Video system dk gkus k vfr vko';d

g S D;kfas d blh d s lgkj s ge text, graphics vkjS

multimedia images dk s n[s k ikr s g aS A bldh ekxa rc vkjS

c< + tkrh g S tc ge video application (tlS s 3D

rendering vkjS visulization ) ij dke djr s g aS A bld s

vra xrZ video controllers vkjS monitor vkr s g aS A

5- Sound System :-

vkt ds dEI;wVj esa sound dk gksuk cgqr gh t:jh gS A

,d vPNs xq.koÙkk okys sound card gesa efficient

sound file playback, extremely precise sound synthesis vkSj orchestral quality

music çnku djrk gS A blds varxZr drive

interfaces, midi/game port, midi memory, CD-audio connector rFkk speakers vkrs gSa A

6- Drive Systems :-

dksbZ dEI;wVj ,d ls vf/d ek=kk esa drives dk mi;ksx

djrk gS rks vkidks ;g vo'; tkudkjh j[kuh pkfg, fd

drive system ds varxZr D;k vkrk gS A drive

systems ds varxZr IDE controllers, SCSI

controllers, floppy drives, hard drives, CD-ROM drives, CD-RW drives, DVD-ROM drives, DVD-RW drives rFkk zip

drives vkrk gS A

7- MODEMs:-

vkt ds bl information age esa internet ,d

lwpuk dk Ïksr cu x;k gS rFkk internet ls computer

dks tksM+us dk i;k;Z MODEM gh gS A MODEM nks

çdkj ds gksrs gSa igyk internal modem rFkk nwljk

external modem A

8- Input devices

;|fi vkidks dEI;wVj esa command nsuk rFkk

selection djuk gksrk gS ijUrq blds fy, vkidks input

devices dh vko';drk gksrh gS A Input devices ds

varxZr two button mouse, three button

mouse, scroll mouse, optical mouse, light pen, keyboard, Joystick, scanners bR;kfn

vkrs gSa A

vc rd vkius ftruk dqN Hkh i<+k mlls vkidks fliQZ ;s

irk pyrk gS fd dEI;wVj ds vanj D;k gksrk gS \,d fMCcs esa

brus lkjs lkeku yxs gksrs gSa A gekjs vkus okys vadksa esa vkidk

bu lkekuksa dh foLr`r dk;Zfof/ rFkk buesa vkus okys leL;kvksa

ds lek/ku feysaxs A

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eYVhehfM;k vkSj mlds vk;ke

Multimedia

Print Media Visual Media

2-dimensionalAnimation

Vedio Editing

3-dimensionalAnimation

VectorEditing

Type Formatting

ImageEditing

fdlh Hkh iQkby dks ;fn ge Save djrs gSa rks ml

iQkby ds var esa File Type dk Extension yx tkrk

gS A ml Extension dks ns[kdj ge le> tkrs gSa fd oks

iQkby fdl çdkj ds MkVk dks j[krk gS A tSls & *.doc dks

ns[kdj ge le> tkrs gSa fd ;g Microsoft Word dk Qkby

gS rFkk ;g Text Data dks j[krk gS A mlh çdkj eYVhehfM;k

esa ç;qDr gksus okys fuEukafdr çeq[k Extension gSa %&

Tiff (Tagged Image file Format), BMP (Bitmap), GIF(Graphic Interchange Image), WMF (Window Metafile Format), JPEG (Joint Photo Expert Group)

bR;kfn Image Data Type File d s Extension g aS AAVI (Audio Video Interleaved), MFF (Midi File Format), MPG (Motion Expert Fortmat,

WAV(Wave Format) bR;kfn Video Stream ds

Extension gSa A

euq"; ges'kk ls fdlh ekè;e ds tfj, Interact gksrk jgk gS pkgs oks ekSf[kd :i esa gks ;k n`'; ds :i esa gks ;k fiQj ladsrksa ls ! "Multimedia" bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS "More than one medium of communication." ,slh i¼fr ftlds tfj, ,d lkFk texts, Audio, Video,

Graphics, Image, Animation dk çLrqfrdj.k gks] Multimedia dgykrh gS A

vkt ds vk/qfud ;qx esa bldh dkiQh egRork gS] D;ksafd bl i¼fr dh enn ls fdlh Hkh çdkj dk çLrqfrdj.k dkiQh lgt ,oa lqUnj gks tkrk gS A ekuk Hkh tkrk gS fd i<+us dh vis{kk balku ns[k vkSj lqudj T;knk Kku çkIr djrk gS A vkt Cartoon Serials, Games

vR;kf/d yksdfç; gks x;k gS A cPpksa dks euksjatu ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk nsuk (Edutainment), real life

imageing bR;kfn Multimedia dh gh nsu gS APictures, Bitmap Images, Vector Images,

Animation, Digital Audio & Video

;g lc Multimedia ds gh vax gSa A

,d eYVhehfM;k dEI;wVj dks ifjHkkf"kr djus gsrq ml dEI;wVj esa fuEukafdr ikV~Zl gksus pkfg, % Pentium 4 Processor Accelerated Graphic Card with 64 MB of RAM

MULTIMEDIA ZONE


256 MB of RAM Multimedia Keyboard, Optical Mouse, DVD-RW 40 GB of Hard Disk 5 Channel Sound Card , Microphone

Multimedia dks eq[;r% geyksx nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vrs gSa %&1. Print Media 2. Visual Media

Print Media d s ekè;e l s geykxs Type

Formatting, Vector Editing ,o a Image Editing djr sg aS A Type Formatting d s rgr fdrkck as vkjS exS thuk sa dk ifCyd's ku dk dk; Z vkrk g S tcfd fdlh vkMh+ &frjNh ykbuk as dh lgk;rk l s cuk, x; s fp=kk as dh fØ;k dk s ge Vector Editing dgr s g aS A NkVs s NkVs s cnaw k as dh lgk;rk l s cu sfp=kk as ij dke djuk Image Editing dgykrk g S A

Visual Media d s ekè;e l s geykxs 2-dimensional

Animation (dkVUZw l), 3- dimensional Animation

(iIs lh&dkys k tlS s mRiknk as dk foKkiu) rFkk Vedio Editing

(fiQYek as d s Li's ky bQDs Vl~ ) bR;kfn dk; Z djr s g aS A

eYVhehfM;k esa dk;Z djus gsrq rks vHkh cktkj esa cgqr

lkjs Softwares miyC/ gSa ijUrq muesa ls tks egRoiw.kZ

gSa mudk oxhZdj.k vkxs fd;k tk jgk gS %&

distribution esa radio, television, telephone, fax,

mobile phone vkfn dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS] vFkkZr~ network, communication dk gh nwljk :i gS A ;gh lwpuk vkSj lalk/u dk vknku&çnku ;fn computer ds {ks=k esa gksrk gS ogk¡ mls computer networking dgrs gSa A nks dEI;wVj vkil esa interconnected dgykrs gSa ;fn os vius informations dks ,d nwljs ds lkFk ck¡V ldrs gSa A

bl çdkj data vkSj resources ds sharing dh t:jr us networking dks tUe fn;k A vU; 'kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd A network is a group of

connected computers that allows people to

vkius fiNys lky lquk gksxk] Hkkjr ds rRdkyhu ç/kuea=kh VsyhdkWUÚsflax ds tfj, ;gk¡ ds lHkh eq[;ea=kh ls fnYYkh cSBs&cSBs ckr dj jgs Fks A vki lHkh T.V. t:j ns[krs gksaxs A vkius T.V. esa dscqy dusD'ku (Dish

Connection ) yxk;k gh gksxk] vkSj vki ?kj cSBs lkjs pSuyksa dks fjeksV nckdj ns[k ldrs gSaA

D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd D;k gS ;s lc \ dSls gksrk gS ;s communication\ ;gh rks gS networking

ftlus lkjs fo'o dks ,d lw=k esa tksM+ fn;k gS A yksxksa ds chp dh nwfj;k¡ dks de dj fn;k gS A blus communication dks lLrk] ljy] lqxe cuk fn;k gS A

vkt lwpuk ds collection, processing rFkk

NETWORKING

Knowledge about

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Vennue : H.O. : Ranjan Maths & Stats Teaching Centre, Opp. Science College, Ashok Raj Path, Patna - 5

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share information. fdlh Hkh network esa lkjs users ,d lkFk fdlh Hkh data dks access dj ldrs gSa rFkk ,d lkFk gh fdlh Hkh resources ds lkFk connected gks ldrs gSa A mnkgj.k Lo:i ;fn fdlh network esa printer dh vko';drk gS rks ge çR;sd computer ls printer dks ugha tksM+rs gSa cfYd bls fdlh ,d node ds lkFk tksM+dj share dj mls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A

Networking esa Computer dh Hkwfedk %

Server :- Server ,d super user ;k main

computer gS tks lkjs client dks data, information

;k service çnku djrk gS A blh ls lkjs administrative task dk;kZfUor gksrs gSa A

Client :- Client computer ,d çdkj dk computer gS tks fdlh Hkh çdkj ds data or

information or service ds fy, server ds ikl request djrk gS A Network dk çR;sd user gh client dgykrk gS A

Server fofHkUu çdkj ds gksrs gSa %&File & Print Server :- File and Print

Server, total file vkSj printer resources dks centralized location esa j[krk gS A tc dksbZ client,

request djrk gS rks server ml database vkSj file

dks client esa download djrk gS A blfy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd file and Print server are used to

store and retrive centralized file and data records.

Database Server :- ;g cM+s&cM+s file, data dks central location eas store djrk gS rFkk ;g data dks user ds vko';drkuqlkj available djkrk gS A bl server esa files ,d Øe esa O;ofLFkr jgrs gSa A ;fn client ls dksbZ request vkrk gS rks fliQZ ml fo'ks"k file

dks gh client dks miyC/ djk;k tkrk gS A

Mail Server :- ;g Hkh database server

tSlk gh dk;Z djrk gS A ;g e-mail services rFkk domain dks lapkfyr djrk gS A

NETWORKING


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Fax Server :- ;g server fax ds incoming

vkSj outgoing calls dks O;ofLFkr djrk gS rFkk fax

traffic esa Vdjko dks jksdrk gS A

Directory Services Server :- ;g server esa network ds ckjs esa lHkh tkudkjh dks lafpr djrk gS A ;g user ;k client dks network ds lkjs lqfo/k vkSj resources (tSls fd printers vkfn) ds ckjs esa tkudkjh miyC/ djkrk gS A

Networking ds ykHk %

dEI;Vw j d s fdlh Hkh uVs od Z l s ge as fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSa%&

1- Information sharing :-

Network ds tfj, ge information vkSj data

dks vklku rjhds ls share dj ldrs gSa oks Hkh cgqr gh de [kpZ esa A

2- Hardware & Software Sharing :-

Computer ds lkFk vyx ls printer vkSj mlds tSls cgqr lkjs devices yxrs gSa tks fd cgqr gh [kphZys gksrss gSa A fdlh Hkh network esa budks share djds vU; [kpZ ls cpk tk ldrk gS A

3- Centralized administration and support :-

Network ds tfj, ge fdlh Hkh computer ds mQij administrative task dks dk;kZfUor dj ldrs gSa A Network Administrator fdlh ,d computer ij cSBdj gh lkjs network ds lkjs computers ds problems dks nwj dj ldrk gS A

Network ds çdkj %1. Peer to Peer Network :-

bl çdkj ds usVodZ esa dksbZ Hkh computer,

server ugha gksrk gS A lHkh computers, server

vkSj client nksuksa dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa rFkk dksbZ Hkh computer, adminstrator dh Hkwfedk ds fy, ftEesokj ugha gksrk gS A bl network esa çR;sd user ;g fu.kZ; ys ldrk gS fd dkSu lk data,

share djuk gS A 2. Client Server Network :-

tSls&tSls network dk nk;jk c<+rk x;k vkSj lalk/uksa dks mi;ksx esa ysus okys users dh la[;k c<+rh xbZ rks peer to peer network dks R;Dr dj

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fn;k x;k A rc additional functionality dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, çR;sd network esa ,d dedicated server gksrk gS A og server fliZQ server dh rjg gh dke djrk gS ufd client dh rjg A bl server dk configuration bl rjg gksrk gS fd network clients ds request dks optimize dj lds A

Networking ds dk;Z{ks=k %

Networking ds dk;Z{ks=k mlds HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ds vkdkj dks ladsfrd djrh gS A Network ,d dk;kZy; ds dqN computers ds chp Hkh gks ldrk gS rFkk ;g cgqr nwj fLFkr gtkjksa computers ds chp Hkh gks ldrk gS A HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ds vk/kj ij network dks rhu eq[; Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS A

1- LAN (Local Area Network) :-

Local area network cgqr gh NksVs nk;js esa gksus okyk computer networking gS A ;g 10 fdúehú ds nk;js esa gksrk gS A ;g fdlh ,d fcfYaMx ;k NksVs ls HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa gksrk gS A

2- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) :-

Metropolitan area network 50 fdúehú ds nk;js ds fy, ifjHkkf"kr gS A tks fd fdlh Hkh campus ;k small geographical area esa ç;ksx gksrk gS A ;g dbZ LAN dks vkil esa tksM+rk Hkh gS A bls cable telivision tSlk network Hkh le> ldrs gSa A bl network esa fdlh lalk/u dks LAN ls LAN rFkk computer ls computer rd share fd;k tk ldrk gS A

3- WAN (Wide Area Network) :-

Wide area network dk dksbZ lhfer nk;jk ugha gS A bl network ges'kk nks nwj fLFkr subnet gh gksrs gSa A blds transmission line esas circuit ;k channel vkSj router gksrs gSa A Transmission

lines ds tfj, ge data dks ,d txg ls nwljs txg Hkstrs gSa tcfd routers dh lgk;rk ls ge nks ;k mlls T;knk transmission lines dks tksM+rs gSa A

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1. What does the word binary mean? a. Binary means "containing a computer." b. Binary means "having only two states." c. Binary means "having a discrete number of values." d. Binary means "using electronics to do arithmetic."

2. What is a bit? a. A bit is a single binary value. b. A bit is a single character stored in main memory. c. A bit is a collection of several bytes. d. A bit is a small unit of computer time.

3. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of building computers out of binary devices? a. Binary devices are simple and easy to build. b. Binary signals are unambiguous. c. Binary devices are much faster than decimal devices. d. Patterns of bits can be used to represent anything

symbolic. 4. What is true of an analog signal?

a. An analog signal has a discrete number of states. b. An analog signal is the only way that music can be

recorded. c. An analog signal can never be converted into a binary

signal.d. An analog signal is usually continuously changing

in value. 5. If an analog signal picks up some noise, has

information been lost? a. Yes—the noise hides the exact values of the original

signal. b. No—electronics can just ignore the noise. c. No—information has been added to the signal. d. Maybe—it depends on how loud the noise is.

6. If a binary signal picks up some noise, has information been lost? a. Yes—the exact value of the bits cannot be

determined.b. No—the exact value of the bits can be determined, as

long as the noise is not too great.

c. No—binary signals can't pick up any noise. d. Yes—the signal will have extra bits in it because of

the noise. 7. Why does a computer have a clock?

a. The state of binary signals is measured only at specific instants in time.

b. A clock is needed to check how fast signals are changing.

c. A clock is needed to check that voltage levels are correct.

d. A clock is used only with application programs that need to know the current time.

8. Can Japanese writing be represented in a computer? a. No—only English can be represented. b. No—only languages with an alphabet can be

represented. c. Yes—but a special processor chip is needed. d. Yes—since it is symbolic, and anything symbolic can

be represented. 9. Can English writing be represented with analog signals?

a. No—only binary signals can represent symbolic data. b. No—it is not symbolic. c. No—analog signals don't represent anything. d. Yes—just read out loud into a microphone.

10. Why is it important that unlimited perfect copies can be made of data represented in binary? a. Because data are copied back and forth between

parts of a computer system many times per second. b. Transmitting data over the Internet involves making

many copies of the data. c. Application programs such as wordprocessors and

computer games must be perfect copies of the original in order to run.

d. All of the above.

QUIZ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Name __________________________________________ Age ______ Sex __________

Father's Name ___________________________________________________________

Address for Correspondence ________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Education ________________e-mail : ________________________________________

Please fillup this form and send to : 1st Floor, Near SBI ATM, Opp. Patna College, Patna-800004, Bihar

or mail to : [email protected] you can win exciting prizes. Hurry, last date of submission is 20th Feb. 2010.
