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13/11/06 1 Teaching Spoken English: Words, Chunks and Grammar Ronald Carter University of Nottingham

Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

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Page 1: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 1

Teaching Spoken English: Words, Chunks and Grammar

Ronald Carter

University of Nottingham

Page 2: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 2

 Top 40 most frequent words: 5m written  

1  THE 2  TO 3  AND 4  OF 5  A 6  IN 7  WAS 8  IT 9  I 10  HE 11  THAT 12  SHE 13  FOR 14  ON 15  HER 16  YOU 17  IS 18  WITH 19  HIS 20  HAD 

21  AS 22  AT 23  BUT 24  BE 25  HAVE 26  FROM 27  NOT 28  THEY 29  BY 30  THIS 31  ARE 32  WERE 33  ALL 34  HIM 35  UP 36  AN 37  SAID 38  THERE 39  ONE 40  BEEN 

 

Page 3: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

Top 40 most frequent words: 5m spoken  1  THE 2  I 3  AND 4  YOU 5  IT 6  TO 7  A 8  YEAH 9  THAT 10  OF 11  IN 12  WAS 13  IT'S 14  KNOW 15  MM 16  IS 17  ER 18  BUT 19  SO 20  THEY 

21  ON 22  OH 23  WE 24  HAVE 25  NO 26  LAUGHS 27  WELL 28  LIKE 29  WHAT 30  DO 31  RIGHT 32  JUST 33  HE 34  FOR 35  ERM 36  BE 37  THIS 38  ALL 39  THERE 40  GOT 

       

 

Page 4: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 4

From Words to Collocations to Chunks Single words Collocations  (lean meat; *strong 

car) Idioms and phrases (having forty 

winks) Formulaic language (Have a nice 

day) Formulaic language: how fixed is 

fixed?  

Page 5: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 5

9,164DO YOU10

9,586SORT OF9

9,722AND I8

11,048OF THE7

11,975I DON'T6

12,608IT WAS5

13,887IN THE4

14,086I THINK3

17,158I MEAN2

28,013YOU KNOW1

5,828YOU CAN20

5,914HAVE TO19

6,029AT THE18

6,157TO THE17

6,614DON'T KNOW16

6,709IF YOU15

7,165TO BE14

7,733AND THEN13

8,136ON THE12

8,174I WAS11

Top 20 2-word chunks (spoken)

Page 6: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 6

Top 5 6-word chunks (spoken)

38I DON'T KNOW WHAT IT IS5

41AND ALL THAT SORT OF THING

4

64AND ALL THE REST OF IT3

222AT THE END OF THE DAY2

236DO YOU KNOW WHAT I MEAN

1

Page 7: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 7

Seven and beyond?

Chunks bigger than six or seven words are rare – the magic number 7

Bigger chunks are ‘learned texts’, e.g. quotations, proverbs, etc.

Page 8: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 8

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

occs

 in 5

m w

ds s

poke

n

a couple 

of 

at the m

oment

small

all th

e tim

eea

rly 

you kn

ow what I 

mean

fun

and th

ings like

 that

however

Words v. Chunks

Page 9: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 9

Two Main Types of Chunk

as a matter of factsort ofor something like that

integrated items

I don’t know if …I was going to say…

prefaces

Page 10: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 10

Functions of Chunksdiscourse marking

you knowI meanand thenbut I meando you know what I meanat the end of the dayif you see what I mean

Page 11: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 11

Politeness

prefaces

do you thinkdo you want (me) (to)I don’t know if/whetherwhat do you thinkI was going to ask you

Page 12: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 12

Hedging, boostingand vagueness

I thinksort of/kind ofa bit (of a)/a couple ofI don’t know/I don’t thinkto be honest with youas a matter of factand stuff like that(and) all this sort of thingor something like that

Page 13: Teaching Spoken English: Words,Chunks and Grammar

13/11/06 13

Conclusions

Chunks show how conversation is primarily about the speaker and listener

Chunks are part of our vocabulary and grammar

Using chunks contributes to fluency