TCP/IPTCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to

allow cooperating computers to share resources across a network

TCP stands for “Transmission Control Protocol”

IP stands for “Internet Protocol”They are Transport layer and Network layer

protocols respectively of the protocol suite

Protocol A protocol is a collection of rules and

procedures for two computers to exchange information

Protocol also defines the format of data that is being exchanged

TCP/IP modelBecause TCP/IP was developed earlier than

the OSI 7-layer mode, it does not have 7 layers but only 4 layers

OSI 7-layerTCP/IP Protocol Suite

Process/ application

Host-to-Host

Internet

Network Access

TCP/IP model cont.Application layer protocols define the rules when

implementing specific network applications Rely on the underlying layers to provide accurate

and efficient data deliveryTypical protocols:

FTP – File Transfer Protocol For file transfer

Telnet – Remote terminal protocol For remote login on any other computer on the network

SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol For mail transfer

HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol For Web browsing

TCP/IP model cont.TCP/IP is built on “connectionless” technology, each

datagram finds its own way to its destinationTransport Layer protocols define the rules of

Dividing a chunk of data into segmentsReassemble segments into the original chunk

Typical protocols:TCP – Transmission Control Protocol

Provide further the functions such as reordering and data resend

UDP – User Datagram Service Use when the message to be sent fit exactly into a datagram Use also when a more simplified data format is required

TCP/IP model cont.Network layer protocols define the rules of how to

find the routes for a packet to the destinationIt only gives best effort delivery. Packets can be

delayed, corrupted, lost, duplicated, out-of-order Typical protocols:

IP – Internet Protocol Provide packet delivery

ARP – Address Resolution Protocol Define the procedures of network address / MAC address

translationICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol

Define the procedures of error message transfer

a unique number used by machines (computers) to refer to each other when sending information via the Internet. (merupakan nombor unik yang digunakan oleh mesin (komputer) untuk merujuk antara satu sama lain apabila menghantar maklumat melalui internet)

It consists of 4-byte addresses (w, x, y, z) to be assigned to each node in the network. (Ia terdiri dari alamat 4-byte(w,x,y,z) yang perlu diumpukkan kepada setiap nod dalam rangkaian)

Exp: 207.142.131.236

IP addressing

Static IP address - configuration IP address does not change when a dialup connection to the Internet is done. (konfigurasi IP address yg tidak bertukar setiap kali sambungan dialup ke internet dibuat)

Dynamic IP address - configuration IP address is exchange when a dialup connection to the Internet is done. (konfigurasi IP address yg bertukar-tukar setiap kali sambungan dialup ke internet dibuat) Dynamic IP address will be given each time

you login (should have DHCP server). (IP address secara dinamik akan diberi setiap kali anda login(perlu ada server DHCP))

IP addressing…Cont…

Each IP address is divided into two parts, the Network ID and Host ID. (Setiap alamat IP terbahagi kepada 2 bahagian, iaitu Network ID dan Host ID)

There are two ways to read the IP address, which is binary and decimal. (Ada 2 cara membaca alamat IP, iaitu cara binari dan decimal) Binary numbers are represented by numbers 0

and 1. (Nombor binari diwakili dengan nombor 0 dan 1)

Decimal numbers are represented by 0 to 9. (Nombor Decimal diwakili dengan nombor 0 sehingga 9)

IP addressing…Cont…

Divide the decimal number by 2 and take the balance. (Bahagikan nombor decimal tersebut dengan 2 dan ambil bakinya)

This process is repeated until the results of zero. (Proses ini diulang sehingga memberikan hasil kosong)

Binary number is obtained by taking the balance from the bottom up. (Nombor binary diperolehi dengan mengambil baki tersebut dari bawah ke atas)

1. Decimal To Binary Conversion

Example:5310 => 53 / 2 = 26 balance 1

26 / 2 = 13 balance 013 / 2 = 6 balance 1 6 / 2 = 3 balance 0

3 / 2 = 1 balance 1 1 / 2 = 0 balance 1

= 1101012 (6 bit)

= 001101012 (8 bit)

1. Decimal To Binary Conversion…Cont…

Multiply each bit in binary number with weights (2). (Darabkan setiap bit dalam nombor binary dengan pemberat(2))

Sum of all the product. (Jumlahkan kesemua hasil darab)

Decimal number that is required is the sum of the product. (Nombor decimal yang dikehendaki adalah jumlah hasil darab tersebut)

2. Binary To Decimal Conversion

Example:

a) 1110012 (6 bit) (1x25) + (1x24) + (1x23) + (0x22) + (0x21) + (1x20) 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 5710

b) 000110102 (8 bit) 24 + 23 + 21

16 + 8 + 2 2610

1. Binary To Decimal Conversion…Cont…

IP Classes

Class type Address range

class A 1 to 126

class B 128 to 191

class C 192 to 223

class D 224 to 239.

class E 240 to 255.

Class A first bit must start with 0. Class B 2 initial bit must start with 10. Class C 3 initial bit must start with 110. Class D 4 initial bit must start with

1110. Class E 4 initial bit must start with

1111.

The first bit must be 0 refers to the eight bits in ‘w’. So, the bits starting from 00000000 to 01111111. (Bit yang pertama mesti 0 merujuk kepada 8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 00000000 sehingga 01111111)

IP class A from 0 to 127 BUT the value 0 is the network number and can not be used and the value 127 is local loop back (used to perform tests on themselves, such as using the ping command on its own IP address), also can not be used. So IP class A from 1 to 126. (IP kelas A bermula dari 0 hingga 127 TETAPI nilai 0 merupakan network number dan tidak boleh digunakan dan 127 merupakan local loop back (digunakan untuk melakukan ujian terhadap diri sendiri seperti menggunakan arahan ping pada alamat IP sendiri), juga tidak boleh digunakan. Oleh itu IP kelas A bermula dari 1 sehingga 126)

Exp:1.10.134.8, 13.233.222.32

Class A

2 initial bits is 10 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 10000000 to 10111111. (2 bit permulaan mestilah 10 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada 8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 10000000 sehingga 10111111)

class B IP address range starting from 128 to 191. (julat alamat IP kelas B bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 155.76.76.8

Class B

3 initial bits is 110 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 11000000 to 11011111. (23bit permulaan mestilah 110 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada 8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 10000000 sehingga 11011111)

class C IP address range starting from 192 to 223. (julat alamat IP kelas C bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 200.56.17.8

Class C

4 initial bits is 1110 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 11100000 to 11101111. (4 bit permulaan mestilah 1110 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada 8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 11100000 sehingga 11101111)

class D IP address range starting from 224 to 239. (julat alamat IP kelas D bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 230.76.76.8

Class D

4 initial bits is 1111 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 11110000 to 11111111. (4 bit permulaan mestilah 10 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada 8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 11110000 sehingga 11111111)

class E IP address range starting from 240 to 255. (julat alamat IP kelas E bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 243.76.76.8

Class E

TCP/IP Classes…Cont…

Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6

IPV4 IPV6

IPv4 addresses are 32 bit length IPv6 addresses are 128 bit length.

Header includes a checksum. Header does not include a checksum.

Configured either manually or through DHCP.

Does not require manual configuration or DHCP.

01 . 102 . 103 . 104 2001 : db8 : 3333 : 4444 : CCCC : DDDD : EEEE : FFFF