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RURAL DEVELOPMENTLesson 5: Supporting Services
P.B. Dharmasena0777 - 613234, 0717 - 613234
National Level Supporting Services• Ministry of Social Empowerment and Welfare– Rural development Division (Poverty alleviation,
Policy formulation and implementation of programs and projects for Rural and Regional Economic Development, Implementation of Community based Livelihood Development Programs).
– Department of Social services (Rehabilitation of disabled persons and further improvement of their vocational skills and providing them with employment opportunities, Early detection and early intervention of children with special needs, Rehabilitation of drug addicts and integrating them in to the society, Enhancing the knowledge of service providers through awareness and training programmes).
Provincial Level Supporting Services
Department of Rural Development• Strengthening community based organizations– Active involvement of CBOs in rural development
processes, improvement of capital assets.• Accessibility and facility for financing production and
marketing– Micro Financing for entrepreneurship development,
Adoption of value added practices, Improve local and national market linkages.
• Skill development for entrepreneurship– Encourage women participation on development,
Improve the capacity of rural youths.
Provincial Level Supporting Services
Department of Rural Development• Institutional capacity development – Knowledge and skilled staff, Strengthen Women
Development Centers, Information based decision making ensured.
• Good Governance– Participatory monitored and evaluated
institutional programmes and plans.• Circulars and guidelines complied and
implemented.• Improved accountability and ownership of CBOs in
rural based economic activities.
District Level Supporting Services - EvolutionKachcheri/ GA’s Office/ District Secretariat• The oldest decentralized Administrative System introduced by
British• At the beginning – to collect tax and revenues, impose rules and
regulations and implement development programmes• GA was the Chief Coordinator for strengthening the mechanism
of implementation and coordination of first decentralization plan (latter part of 1960s)
• Agricultural development was the first activity with very low beneficiary participation.
• Second decentralization process began in 1970s to reduce weaknesses in technical aspects of the kachcheri method. This was implemeted by District secretary through Divisional Secretaries.
Lesson-3
District Political Authority Approach• Established in 1973• Decentralization of Administration to local level• Livelihood enhancement of rural people through
beneficiary participation• However, what happened in this process was to give
the political leadership to district administration• District political authority facilitated the rural
peasants to get relief for their grievances from state institutions
• Although there are weaknesses in this method, a strategy emerged for obtaining immediate solutions to many rural problems
District Level Supporting Services
District Minister Approach …..• In 1978 instead of district political authority, the
district minister approach was introduced• State relief was removed under open economy• The objective of this method was to provide
political guidance for development activities
District Level Supporting Services
District Minister Approach• Role of the District Minister– Preparation of district development plans– Monitoring and evaluation of implementation– Identification of difficulties and constraints of
implementation– Identification of strategies to accelerate the development tasks – Supervision and coordination of development works and
departmental responsibilities– Solving urgent issues in the district
• High level coordination, urgent decision making and conflicts among district minister and other parliament members and cabinet ministers
• However, some positive impacts could also be found
District Level Supporting Services
District Development Council• Established in 1980 under District Development Council Act
No. 35• Development needs were decentralized considering ethnic
aspects• Attention was drawn more on ethnic problems• It states ‘The government is bound to decentralize the
administration, provide opportunities for public participation at national level, strengthen and widen state democratic structure and people’s democratic rights’
• Members of Parliament in the district were also included in this political task
• Beneficiary participation in development was ensured by including village committees.
District Level Supporting Services
District Development Council …Faced following problems during the 3 year period of District
Development Council• Lack of dedication of Council members in development
activities• No distinct boundaries between the functions of Ministries
and departments• Conflicts among District Minister, Members of Parliament
and the Council• Problems emerged on laws and regulations of Government
sector• Very low participation in development programmes and
inadequate provisions for whole development plan
District Level Supporting Services
Formation of Provincial Councils
• Objective is to devolve some powers to provinces within one state as a solution for growing ethnic problem
• Provincial Council consists of elected members• Provincial administration is led by the Chief
Minister• Executive power is given to provincial
ministers• Central Government is represented by the
Governer appointed by the President• Authority of Provincial Council is according to
13th Ammendment
Formation of Provincial Councils
• Some negative impacts of Provincial Council method are:– Weaknesses of finacial base,– High administrative expenses, – Conflicts of party politics– Low capacity of planning and
implementation and – Unclear procedures and responsibilities
Next Administrative Level
• Urban: Urban Council and Town Council• Rural: Pradeshiya Sabha• Divisional secretaries appointed by the Government for
administrative affairs of Central Government• There can be one or two Divisional Secretariat Divisions
in one Pradeshiya Sabha• Lowest administrative level is Grama Niladhari• There are about 20-30 GN Divisions in one DS Division• Few villages in one GN Division• 50-300 families in one village
Divisional Secretariat Divisions• 13th amendment was a product of a pact signed between Rajiv
Gandhi (Indian PM) and J R Jayawardene (Sri Lankan President) in 1987. ... Its an amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka which created Provincial Councils in Sri Lanka.
• Established under Provincial Councils Act No 42 of 1987• Assistant Government Agent became Divisional Secretary• In the past implementation of policy decisions and development
plans prepared by central government was carried out by the Government Agents and Asst. Government Agents
• Since Divisional Secretary method was formulated, development programmes of rural areas have been implemented by the DS.
• The GN is responsible for all Government affairs. • The Divisional Secretary method is the broad potential system
for rural development
Objectives of Divisional Secretary’s Office• Fulfilment of service requirement of the people• Planning, implementation and monitoring of development
projects and programmes• Coordination of Government Officers, NGOs and People for
integration of rural development affairs• Providing relief for evading the poverty in the DS Division.
(Ex. Janasawiya, Samurdhi, Food stamps, dry food rations, material support for improvement of housing and health
• Urgent relief for natural disasters such as flood, drought, cyclone, land slides etc.
Divisional Secretariat Divisions
Revenues and Financial allocations for DS Offices
• Annual budget provisions from Central Gvernment
• Through development projects and programmes of National and Interntional Organizations
• Timber transport, driving license, registration of new vehicles, annual vehicle
• Revenues from registration of birth, marriage etc.
Divisional Secretariat Divisions
PRADESHIYA SABHA• Decentralization of authority with Pradeshiya Sabha Act of 1987 and
13th Ammendment• A main milestone of the evolution of social and political institution in
Sri Lanka• Authority for planning, decision making and management of common
affairs according to given subjects• Basic services of following subjects:– Maintenance of law and local administration– Planning and implementation of local economic plans– Social and economic services such as education, health, industry,
land development etc. – Institutional, human resources and rural development including
employment, vocational planning, human power development– Infrastructure, town development and environment– Trade and business etc.
Department of Agriculture
• The Department of Agriculture (DOA) established in 1912, functions under the Ministry of Agriculture at presenta and the DOA is one of the largest government departments with a high profile community of agricultural scientists and a network of institutions covering different agro ecological regions island wide.
• The objectives of the DOA are focused on maintaining and increasing productivity and production of the food crop sector for the purpose of enhancing the income and living condition of the farmer and making food available at affordable prices to the consumer.
• The major functions of the DOA include research, extension, production of seed and planting material, regulatory services related to plant quarantine, soil conservation and pesticides.
Lesson-3
Department of Agrarian Development• The Department of Agrarian
Development (DAD) established on 01st of October 1957 with an idea of providing supply services that are initial for Agriculture schemes empowered by the Paddy Land Act No. 1 in 1958 and presently governed by the Agrarian Development Act no.46 in 2000.
• Formulation and implementation of Agrarian Law to safeguard tenancy as well as land owner rights.
• Strengthening and development of farmer’s institutions.
• Agriculture Land Management.• Water Resource Management.
Department of Agrarian Development• Agrarian Development Act No.
46 of 2000 provides for matters related to landlords and tenant cultivators of paddy lands in accordance with agricultural policies; – for the establishment agrarian
development councils, – to provide for the establishment
of a land bank, – to provide for the establishment
of agrarian tribunals (jury), – to provide for the repeal of the
Agrarian Services Act. No. 58 of 1979, and other matter related.
Lesson-3
Department of Agrarian Development• The Commissioner General has the
authority to appoint one or more Farmers’ Organizations for a particular cultivated area.
• Similarly, there are legal provisions to establish Farmers’ Organization District Federations. These district federations can establish a provincial federation and also Sri Lanka National Farmers’ Organizations.
• However, this institutional framework only represents farmers and not all water users.
Community Health Service• Family health services
– Maternal care– Infant and child care which
provides for monitoring growth and development.
– Psychosocial development of the child including Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD).
– Immunization against common childhood diseases.
– Nutrition of pregnant mothers and children.
– Care of the school children.– Adolescent reproductive health.– Family Planning.– Women's reproductive health.
Lesson-3
Community Health Service• Environmental Health
– Water Supply and Sanitation Programme– Food Safety and Hygiene– Health Education and Publicity– Epidemiology (Communicable diseases)– Thriposha Programme
Irrigation Dept. (ID)Objectives:• Established in 1900• Development of land and water resources for Irrigated
Agriculture, hydropower, flood control, Domestic Usage, Industrial usage and Aquaculture development.
• Provision of Irrigation and Drainage facilities for cultivable lands.
• Alleviation of poverty of the rural farming community by increasing their farm income and raising their standard of living.
• Management of Water for sustainable Agriculture.• Productivity enhancement of Land and water in
Major/Medium Irrigation Schemes.• Integrated water resources Management and Participatory
Management in Major /Medium Irrigation systems.
National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWS&DB) Established in 1975Rural water and sanitation sectionObjectives:• Provide required technical and necessary assistance for the schemes
which are operated and managed by the community.• Facilitate the CBOs in getting required training and financial
assistance.• Identify new Rural Water & Sanitation projects required for the
community.• Establish a coordination mechanism among the Provincial Councils,
Pradeshiya Sabhas, Divisional Secretariats together with the CBOs.• Introduce By-Laws to empower and to establish due legal recognition
to the CBOs.• Establish district and national level data base system with respect to
the available Rural Water & Sanitation facilities and its conditions.
Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka (MASL) • The implementation of the Mahaweli Development
Programme is a mandate of the Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka established in 1979 by an Act of Parliament.
• The Mahaweli Master Plan in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka has earmarked 365,000 ha of land for development of Agriculture in 13 Systems identified under the by the Mahaweli Development Programme.
• It was intended to construct a series of reservoirs and hydro electricity plants and develop a large area of land with irrigation in order to facilitate the establishment of new settlements and development of agriculture.
Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka (MASL)
• The Mahaweli Development Authority 's current task is to implement the envisaged project plan in the balance areas proposed by the Master plan and also Gazetted areas. This includes rehabilitating and maintenance of the irrigation network, administration of the land, enhancing the production of agriculture and the post settlement process .
• Further, MASL is responsible for managing irrigation water for 101,526 ha. of Irrigable land in the dry zone.
Rural Roads• Over 69,000 kilometres
of roads in Sri Lanka are termed as "unclassified roads." These are mostly rural access roads that help rural women, men and children reach essential service centres such as hospitals, schools and banks or markets.
• These are repaired/ constructed under ‘maga neguma’ programme or by various NGO’s
Lesson-3
Rural Roads
• Importance:– Investments in rural roads have significant potential for the use of
local resources, create decent jobs, support the local economy and strengthen local commerce and have therefore important implications for poverty reduction and local economic and social development.
– The direct consequence of investing in rural roads is the generation of jobs, incomes and business opportunities, particularly if the development and maintenance of these rural roads is targeted in favour of local resource based methods.
– Longer lasting impacts such as improved access to goods and services and production and productivity enhancing impacts further contribute to sustainable poverty reduction and local economic and social development.
– Impacts however will only be sustainable if the roads are maintained.
Ceylon Electricity Board
• Ceylon Electricity Board is a body corporate established on the 1st November 1969 under the Act of Parliament No. 17 of 1969.
• It is empowered to generate electrical energy, transmit the same and distribute it to reach all categories of consumers and to collect the revenue.
Electricity Supply Service• Many rural electrification schemes
have been completed up to year 2010 electrifying 85% of the total households in the island with funds received from lending agencies such as the Asian Development Bank, Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency and the Government of the People’s Republic of China.
• The Government of Sri Lanka attaches great importance to rural electrification with a vision to accelerate the work in order to achieve an electrification level goal of 100%.
