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A webinar presented by Aaron Brenner and Karen Calhoun for ALA TechSource based on Calhoun's book Exploring Digital Libraries (ALA Neal-Schuman, 2014).
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Supporting Digital Scholarship: From Collections to Online Communities
ALA TechSource Workshop
Karen Calhoun
Aaron Brenner
June 19, 2014 1
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Exploring Digital Libraries: Foundations, Practice, Prospects
Karen CalhounALA Neal-Schuman, 2014
Chapter 7 “Digital libraries
and their communities”
Chapter 8 “The prospects of
open access repositories”
Chapter 9 “Digital libraries
and the social web:
scholarship”
3
Key Challenge for Digital Libraries: Community
EngagementFor the viability of
their agendas, and
for their
sustainability:
Economically
Socially
EthicallySource: Rebecca Siegel, CC BY 2.0https://www.flickr.com/photos/grongar/4966015822
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Prospects of Repositories
In general, subject-based repositories have been more
successful at attracting submissions and use
World ranking of 1,746 web repositories, January 2014
Source:repositories.webometrics.info
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Successful Subject Repositories:
Are woven into the way their disciplines communicate:
Readers/researchers: where they look for information, see what’s
been or will be published, look for collaborators
Writers/contributors: where they “register” their work (and establish
claims to discoveries), where they first share their work with
colleagues for comment/review
See also Erway (2012) Lasting Impact: Sustainability of Disciplinary
Repositories
Had a strong community orientation at inception and have
a high degree of trust and participation at maturity
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Institutional Repositories
By contrast, institutional repositories have faced
and continue to face serious challenges
A lack of clarity around purpose and focus
Weak understandings of community needs,
attitudes, work practices/motivators
Scholars’ lack of awareness of the repository or its
benefits
Recruiting content
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A repository should not be a solution looking
for a problem to solve
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Poll:
Are you responsible for managing, or helping to
manage a repository?
Yes – subject-based
Yes – institutional
Yes – other
Yes – several of the above
No
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Online Community Life Cycle
Life cycle model of success factors for digital libraries in social environmentsBased on Iriberri and Leroy (2009)Calhoun, K. (2014). Exploring Digital Libraries. p. 161. Used with permission.
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If a network-based service’s intended communities do not actively engage and participate, the service will (eventually) die.
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A critical measure of engagement and participation
Ratio of
amount of content in the repository
content that could reasonably be expected to be there
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How big are they vs. how big should they be?
“If all of the tenured academic research
active staff at a UK university deposited
all of their annual output (papers,
presentations, learning materials, etc.) in
the institutional repository, deposits
would be in the range of 10,000 items per
year” (Carr and Brody 2007)
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Pause for questions, comments
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Lessons from researching the book
• Why have some repositories had a
distinctive impact on the
communities they were built to
serve, while others are more or less
ignored?
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What to do?Inventory repositories Understand target
audiencesName
Size
Usage (stats, web analytics)
Rankings
Similar/related/competitor sites
Last needs assessment?
Benefits to target audiences
Communications/outreach activities
Potential for web services/social features?
What else?
Audience segmentation
Size
Needs assessments (personas?)
Work practice studies
Discipline-specific norms
Funders, funding policies
Value propositions (by audience segment)
What else?
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Improving value propositions to stakeholders and target audiences
Hosting Library • Fostering open access to scholarship• Raising profile of library’s curatorial
role in scholarly communication
Parent Institution • Showcasing institution’s intellectual output/prestige
• Source of institution-level metrics
Institution’s End-Users • Discovering research conducted locally
• Networking, finding collaborators
Institution’s Faculty & Researchers
• Increasing exposure to work• Solving visibility, management, or
access problems
Government Agencies • Supporting knowledge transfer and economic growth
Adapted from: Calhoun, K. (2014). Exploring Digital Libraries. Table 8.1, p. 183Used with permission
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Question:
In what ways have you reached
out to give a user focus to your
repository work?
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Repositories: What’s Next?1. In what ways will repositories support the
emergent 21st century scholarly research
infrastructure?
2. To what extent are repositories likely to
evolve into a sustainable, global ecosystem
for capturing, making accessible, and
preserving the scholarly record?
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Will a network-based ecosystem of loosely-coupled, communicating services
emerge?
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Digital libraries and the social web
The advent of the social web provides an opportunity to
shift the focus and core assumptions of digital libraries
…
Away from:
Their collections and information processes (selecting,
organizing, providing access, etc.)
In favor of:
New, community-centered ways of thinking about services,
expectations and potential social roles.
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What is the social web? The term “social web” refers collectively to the web sites, tools and
services that facilitate interactions, collaboration, content creation
and sharing, contribution and participation on the web
The distinguishing characteristics are human and machine-to-
machine interactions
The social web supports many types of online communities, and not
just those who participate in social networks
In addition to the many web services and APIs that support the social
web, the large-scale take-up of mobile smartphones, tablets and
other mobile devices has created a huge scope of opportunity for
social web growth
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Social digital libraries and repositories?
Most continue to operate from a traditional,
collections-centered service mode
The social nature and roles of a library are
typically lost – DLs and repos are mostly read-
only (“web 1.0”)
A digital library that incorporates social web
approaches continues to be the exception
rather than the rule.
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Changing Community Expectations
When individuals who use social sites and tools approach digital libraries (and repositories), they bring their social web expectations with them.
The digital libraries that continue to operate from a traditional, collections-centered service model (that is, nearly all of them) are now faced with finding their place in the fast-moving, chaotic information space of the social web.
Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/lukew/10453074195/ CC BY 2.0
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What would change?
Transitions associated with the shift to social digital libraries and repositoriesCalhoun, K. (2014). Exploring Digital Libraries. Figure 9.1 p. 214. Used with permission
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The evolution of digital libraries toward new roles on the social webCalhoun, K. (2014). Exploring Digital Libraries. Figure 9.2 p. 215. Used with permission.
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Social web impacts on researchers and scholarshipCalhoun, K. (2014). Exploring Digital Libraries. Figure 9.3 p. 217. Used with permission.
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Over to you!
• In what ways is your library moving beyond its
established portfolio of services in support of
digital scholarship?
• What do you make of the emergent (and
presently chaotic) information space defined by
e-research initiatives, scholarly social networks,
altmetrics, researcher profiling systems…?
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References (1/2)
• Calhoun, Karen (2014). Exploring Digital
Libraries. Chicago: ALA Neal-Schuman
• Carr, Leslie, and Tim Brody (2007) Size Isn’t
Everything. D-Lib Magazine 13 (7/8)
• Cybermetrics Lab, CSIC (2014). The Ranking
Web of World repositories. Retrieved June,
2014 from http://repositories.webometrics.info
29
References (2/2)
• Erway, Ricky (2012) Lasting Impact:
Sustainability of Disciplinary Repositories.
Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Research.
• Iriberri, Alicia, and Gondy Leroy (2009) A
Life-Cycle Perspective on Online
Community Success. ACM Computing
Surveys 41(2):11