Summer Training Report on Jaypee Greens Wish Town Sector 128, Noida. Summer internship
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1. PROJECT REPORT ON JAYPEE GREENS WISH TOWN NOIDA SECTOR 128
(KOSMOS-TOWERS)
2. Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
.............................................................................................................................
4 Jaiprakash Associates Ltd. (JAL)
..............................................................................................................
5 Business Interests of Jaypee Group
....................................................................................................
8 Civil Engineering:
.............................................................................................................................
8 Hydropower:
...................................................................................................................................
8 Cement:
...........................................................................................................................................
8 Hospitality:
......................................................................................................................................
8 Real Estate Development:
...............................................................................................................
8 Expressways & Highways:
...............................................................................................................
9 Information
Technology:.................................................................................................................
9 Thermal Power:
...............................................................................................................................
9 Transmission
System:......................................................................................................................
9
Milestones:........................................................................................................................................
10 Achievements/ recognition:-
............................................................................................................
12 Certifications:
........................................................................................................................................
13 Facts and
Figures...................................................................................................................................
14 Fire safety:-
...........................................................................................................................................
15 Maintainence and Repair
..................................................................................................................
16 FIRE FIGHTING
WORKS......................................................................................................................
17 SANITARY&PLUMBING
WORKS.............................................................................................................
19 GYPSUM BORD/ VENEER CEILING
.........................................................................................................
21 PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tile (TR576)
....................................................................................
21 Gypsum Board (6809)
.......................................................................................................................
21 PILES FOUNDATION
..............................................................................................................................
23 Pile foundation systems
....................................................................................................................
23 Types of
Piles.................................................................................................................................
23 Steel Piles
......................................................................................................................................
23 Concrete Piles
...............................................................................................................................
24
3. SHEAR
WALL..........................................................................................................................................
25 Methods of Analysis
..........................................................................................................................
26 1.Finite Element Method
..............................................................................................................
26 2.Stringer Panel Model
.................................................................................................................
26 Retaining
wall........................................................................................................................................
27 RAFT FOUNDATION
...............................................................................................................................
29 Non destructive
testing.........................................................................................................................
30 Sieve analysis Procedure
.......................................................................................................................
31 Result
....................................................................................................................................................
32 Aggregate impact value
....................................................................................................................
33 Procedure to determine Aggregate Impact Value:
.......................................................................
34 CONCRETE ADMIXTURES
......................................................................................................................
35 MINERAL ADMIXTURES
.........................................................................................................................
36 FLY ASH
.............................................................................................................................................
36 Conclusions of using Fly Ash in Cement
........................................................................................
38 AAC BLOCKS
......................................................................................................................................
38 Raw materials
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38 Kosmos Tower
.......................................................................................................................................
40 Technical specification
......................................................................................................................
40 Mivan shuttering
...............................................................................................................................
41 Mivan Formwork System
..............................................................................................................
41 ADVANTAGES OF MIVAN FORMWORK SYSTEM
...........................................................................
42 Sample room
.....................................................................................................................................
44
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take this opportunity to
express my heartfelt appreciation for my project guide Mr. Rajneesh
Bhatnagar(Project Manager), for his wonderful support and constant
encouragement to achieve that next level. Apart from this, I am
thankful to the team of engineers of Jaypee whom expert guidance in
various departments helped me immensely. Thank you.
5. Jaiprakash Associates Ltd. (JAL) Jaypee Group Type Private
Industry Conglomerate Founded 1957 Founder(s) Jaiprakash Gaur
Headquarters Noida, India Key people Jaiprakash Gaur (Chairman)
Products Engineering Construction
6. Cement Power Hospitality Real Estate Expressways and
Highways Employees Over 30000 Jaiprakash Associates Ltd. (JAL), the
flagship company of the Jaypee Group, was incorporated in 1996. In
2003 JAL was formed due to merger of Jaiprakash Industries (JIL)
and Jaiprakash Cement (JCL). JAL is the engineering and
construction arm of the Jaypee group focused on development of
river valley and hydro electric projects and a leader in
construction of river valley and hydropower projects on turnkey
basis for more than four decades. Shri. Jaiprakash Gaur, the
founding father of Jaiprakash Associates Limited, after acquiring a
Diploma in civil engineering in 1950 from the University of
Roorkee, had a stint with government of UP and with steadfast
determination to contribute in nation building, branched off on his
own, to start as a civil contractor in 1958. The company is
currently executing various projects in hydropower / irrigation /
other infrastructure fields and has had the distinction of
executing simultaneously 13 hydropower projects spread over six
states and the neighbouring country Bhutan for generating 10,290 MW
of power. The Jaypee Group undertakes projects involving:Large
quantities of rock excavation (both surface and underground)
Controlled earth/rock fill Concrete manufacture and placement
(including chilling) Fabrication and erection of penstock liners
Hydro-mechanical equipment procurement and erection Steel
Structures Expressway Construction Real Estate Development The
projects that have been commissioned or in the advance stages of
completion have been undertaken by it either as a successful EPC
contractor or as a Non EPC contractor. Transforming challenges into
opportunities has been the hallmark of the Jaypee Group, ever since
its inception four decades ago. The group is a diversified
infrastructure conglomerate and has a formidable presence in
Engineering & Construction along with interests in the power,
cement and hospitality. The infrastructure conglomerate has
also
7. expanded into real estate & expressways. The group has
been assigned CR1 grade by ICRA Ltd indicating very Strong Contract
Execution Capacity with best prospects of timely completion of
projects without cost overruns etc. for projects with average value
of Rs.2500 crores. It is the only group in India, which
pre-qualifies on its own for the bidding of various projects that
are awarded in the country. The Jaypee Group is a Rs 6,500 crore
well diversified infrastructural industrial conglomerate in India.
Over the decades it has maintained its salience with leadership in
its chosen line of businesses. Jaypee group is the 3rd largest
cement producer in the country. The group produces special blend of
portland pozzolana cement under the brand name Jaypee Cement (PPC).
The group also has secured three BOT contracts in the private
hydropower generation sector after the opening up of the doors by
the Government of India in 1991 for private sector power generation
companies. The Group is a pioneer in the development of Indias
first golf centric real estate. Jaypee Greens -- a world class
fully integrated complex consists of an 18 hole Greg Norman Golf
Course. Stretching over 450 acres, it also includes residences,
commercial spaces, corporate park, entertainment and nature in
abundance. Business area of the company: Jaiprakash Associates- The
engineering and construction wing of the Group is an acknowledged
leader in the construction of multi-purpose river valley and
hydropower projects. It has had the unique distinction of executing
simultaneously 13 hydropower projects spread over 6 states and the
neighboring country Bhutan for generating 10,290 MW of power. The
company also has the distinction of executing three out of five
hydropower projects contracted on an EPC basis in the country till
March 2007. Two of these, 300 MW Chamera - II and 520 MW
Omkareshwar, have been completed ahead of schedule. The 900 MW
Baglihar (Stage-I and II) hydroelectric project in Jammu &
Kashmir, in the challenging environment of the State with 22
million cubic meters of concrete, has been the largest EPC project
executed in the country in hydropower sector. The group has various
working divisions: Civil Engineering Private HydroPower Cement
Hospitalitty Integrated Towenship Information Technology
8. Expressway Business Interests of Jaypee Group Civil
Engineering: Jaiprakash Associates Ltd., the flagship company of
the Group, is a pioneer in construction of river valley and
hydropower projects on turnkey basis in India. Jaypee Group has
executed 13 Hydropower projects spread over 6 states of India and
neighbouring Bhutan to generate 10,290 MW of power. Hydropower:
Jaypee Group ventured into hydropower in 1992, with the formation
of Jaiprakash Hydro Power Ltd (JHPL) and Jaiprakash Power Venture
Ltd. (JPVL). The group has undertaken following hydroprojects:
Baspa Hydro - Electric Project Stage II (300 MW) on the river
Baspa, in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pardesh; Vishnu Prayag,
400MW project on the river Alaknanada; and Karcham Wangtoo 1000 MW
project. Cement: Jaypee Group is the 4th largest cement producer in
the country. It produces Ordinary Portland Cement and Pozzolana
Portland Cement under the brand names "Buland" and "Buniyad". The
group has plants at Rewa, and Bela. Jaypee Group is poised to
achieve cement production capacity of 20 MTPA by the year 2009.
Hospitality: Jaypee Group owns and operates four Five Star Deluxe
hotels through a subsidiary company, Jaypee Hotels Limited. These
hotels are: Hotel Siddharth and Hotel Vasant Continental in New
Delhi, Hotel Jaypee Palace Agra, and Jaypee Residency Manor,
Mussoorie. Real Estate Development:
9. Jaypee Group is developing real estate in Greater Noida. Its
property, Jaypee Greens, is spread over an area of 450 acres. It
comprises golf resorts, villas, townhouses, penthouses,
condominiums, studio apartments, commercial complexes and shopping
malls. Expressways & Highways: Jaypee Group is constructing the
prestigious 160 km long Expressway with Six lane access that would
connect the historical city of Agra with Greater Noida. Information
Technology: Jaypee Group Company JIL Information Technology Limited
(JILIT) specializes in: Hardware & Networking, Multimedia
Services & Software, and Enterprise Resource Planning. Thermal
Power: Jaypee Group has formed a Joint Venture company with Madhya
Pradesh State Mining Corporation Limited (MPSMCL) to undertake coal
production and sale of coal from coal block/blocks which might be
allotted to MPSMCL. The company is called Madhya Pradesh Jaypee
Minerals Limited. The company has plans to set up 1000 MW Thermal
Power Plant in Madhya Pradesh. Transmission System: Jaiprakash
Hydro-Power Limited has plans to venture into the development of
transmission systems with the Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd
(PGCIL)
10. Milestones: 31 Mar 2011 - Jaypee Group forays into edible
oil business 15 Jan 2011 - Jaypee Group to invest Rs 33000 crores
in Gujarat 01 Nov 2010 Power Trading Application 09 Sep 2010
-Expression of interest for structural designing of high rise
residential and commercial towers with pre-cast RCC technology 09
Feb 2010 -Expression of Interest for (i) Drilling Services &
Material Supply , (ii) Geochemical Survey for Oil & Gas
exploration / development of SR-ONN-2004/1 onshore Block in South
Rewa Basin, Madya Pradesh,India 10 Dec 2009 -Budawada Limestone
Mine, District Krishna, A.P. of Jaiprakash Associates. Environment
Clearance 02 Dec 2009 Jaiprakash Associates Cement Plant in Gujarat
26 Nov 2009 Jaypee Balaji Cement Project - MoEF clearance for
Cement Plant alongwith Captive Power Plant 12 Aug 2009 Jaypee Group
and L&T sign agreement 31 Jul 2009 Jaiprakash Associates to set
up cement plant in Assam 14 Apr 2009 Sachin Tendulkar to Endorse
Jaypee Cement 17 Feb 2009 National Awards for Performance in Power
03 July 2008 Yamuna(Erstwhile Taj) Expressway Project Feb 2008
Jaypee Group dedicates their 6th Cement plant to the nation
bringing Haryana on the cement Map. Feb 2008 Jaypee & SAIL
JV
11. 21 Feb 2008 Bokaro Cement Plant:JV between JAL and SAIL 11
Jan 2008 Jaiprakash Power Ventures files DRHP with SEBI 20 Dec 2007
Jaiprakash Associates wins Good Corporate Citizen Award 03 Aug 2007
Jaiprakash Associates ventures into steel making 04 Jun 2007
Jaiprakash Associates on Expansion Spree Feb 2007 Private Sector
Investment in H.P. 23 Feb 2007 Jaypee - Power grid from Joint
Venture Company 29 Jun 2006 Vishnu Prayag Hydro Electric Project
Commissioned 23 Mar 2006 JHPL signed an MOU with the Power Grid
Corporation of India 27 Jan 2006 JAL has been selected by MPSMCL as
a JV partner 26 Aug 2005 JAL signed an agreement with Irrigation
and CAD Department of Andhra Pradesh
12. Achievements/ recognition:National Safety Award. Corporate
Excellence Award, Presented By Dalal Street Journal for Outstanding
Performance in the Activity Category. Maharashtra Chapter of
American Concrete Institute Award, Presented By Maharashtra Chapter
of American Concrete Institute for Most Outstanding Concrete
Structure in India Arch Cum Gravity Dam Chamera in H.P. OCCI Export
Award, for Maximum Turnover in Overseas Projects OCCI Award,
Presented By Overseas Construction Council of India for Maximum
Foreign Exchange repatriated from Overseas Construction
Contracts.
13. Certifications: Jaiprakash Associates Ltd. has been awarded
ISO 9001 : 2000 Quality Certification Accredited by UKAS, RVA, ANAB
and NABCB. ISO 2006 : ISO 14001 : 2004 OHSAS 2006 : OHSAS 18001 :
1999 Safety , Health and Environment Policy Year 2005 : CR1 Grading
Year 2005 : CT1 Grading
14. Facts and Figures The group has executed 13 Hydropower
projects spread over 6 states of India and neighbouring country of
Bhutan to generate 10,290 MW of power. Only E & C Company in
India with the capacity to execute EPC contracts on its own
strength from concept to completion. Has won three out of the five
EPC contracts awarded in the last 20 years. The group is the
largest private sector hydro power producer with an installed
capacity of 700 MW. Sardar Sarovar Dam being executed by the group
is the third largest in the world for volume of chilled concrete to
be placed -nearly 7 million cum. Nathpa Jhakri a 1500 MW Power
House is the largest underground power house in India. Tehri Dam is
the third tallest rockfill dam in the world, and the largest in
Asia invloving placement of over 25 million cum of all types of
fill material. Baglihar Hydroelectric project involved construction
of 30km of project road along with three bridges. Brahmaputra Guide
Bund completed in a record time of 7 months. Baspa-II and
Chamera-II projects involved continuous concrete shuttering for
tunnel lining which is used for the first time in the country.
Teesta V project has been provided with Jet Grouting curtain is
being provided below the coffer dams for the first time in India.
Alimineti Madhva Reddy Irrigation project is the longest
underground face to face tunnel in the world.
15. Fire safety:- Figure 1 Fires topping at the "perimeter slab
edge", which is a gap between the floor and the back pan of the
curtain wall is essential to slow the passage of fire and
combustion gases between floors. Spandrel areas must have
non-combustible insulation at the interior face of the curtain
wall. Some building codes require the mullion to be wrapped in
heat-retarding insulation near the ceiling. It is important to note
that the fire stop at the perimeter slab edge is considered a
continuation of the fire-resistance rating of the floor slab. The
curtain wall itself, however, is not ordinarily required to have a
rating. This causes a quandary as Compartmentalization (fire
protection) is typically based upon closed compartments to avoid
fire and smoke migrations beyond each engaged compartment. The use
of fire sprinklers has been shown to mitigate this matter. As such,
unless the building is sprinkle red, fire may still travel up the
curtain wall, if the glass on the exposed floor is shattered due to
fire influence, causing flames to lick up the outside of the
building. Falling glass can endanger pedestrians, firefighters and
firehouses below. An example of this is the First Interstate Tower
fire inLos Angeles, California. The fire here leapfrogged up the
tower by shattering the glass and then consuming the aluminum
skeleton holding the glass. Aluminums melting temperature is 660C,
whereas building fires can reach 1,100C. The melting point of
aluminum is typically reached within minutes of the start of a
fire.
16. Maintainence and Repair Curtain walls and perimeter
sealants require maintenance to maximize service life. Perimeter
sealants, properly designed and installed, have a typical service
life of 10 to 15 years. Removal and replacement of perimeter
sealants require meticulous surface preparation and proper
detailing. Aluminum frames are generally painted or anodized.
Factory applied fluoropolymer thermoset coatings have good
resistance to environmental degradation and require only periodic
cleaning. Recoating with an air-dry fluoropolymer coating is
possible but requires special surface preparation and is not as
durable as the baked-on original coating. Anodized aluminum frames
cannot be "re-anodized" in place, but can be cleaned and protected
by proprietary clear coatings to improve appearance and durability.
Exposed glazing seals and gaskets require inspection and
maintenance to minimize water penetration, and to limit exposure of
frame seals and insulating glass seals to wetting .
17. FIRE FIGHTING WORKS 1. Fire Alarm Control Panels 2.Fire
Alarm Monitoring 3.Sprinkler Solutions 4.Smoke, Heat & Carbon
Monoxide Detectors 5.Voice Evacuation & Mass Notification
Systems 6.Emergency Lighting Systems Figure 2 Having your plane
catch on fire while heading down the runway is something that
hopefully will never happen to you, but if it did you can rest
assured that specialist fire fighters at the airport have to have
90 per cent of it extinguished within three minutes!Of course,
given the rarity of planes on fire in Australia, aviation rescue
and firefighting units do much more than just wait for disasters.
They are highly trained in dealing with many situations, whether
it's being on site if a plane's brakes have overheated, or
delivering first aid to a passenger. Scott Sparkman is an aviation
fire-fighter at Canberra airport and often these situations are
just as high pressure as fires. "One case that we had was a heart
attack on the steps of a plane just as it was about to take off,
Scott told 666 Sunday's.
18. "He basically dropped at aisle number one and we had to
perform CPR on that gentleman with a capacity crowd watching on,
and that was a very high pressure situation but fortunately for the
gentleman he was resuscitated and he lived to tell the tale." Scott
says its days like these that you know you have made a difference
"You can sit back and say I accomplished something today." Scott
says the time pressure is the same whether they are dealing with a
fire or a health emergency. We have to be on site anywhere on the
airport environment within two minutes...and hence the urgency when
we get a call, it not walk slowly its walk very quickly and get to
the job as soon as you can earlierin the day, Tidwell surveyed the
burn scar being left by a massive blaze in southwestern New
Mexicothat has developed into the largest wildfire in the country.
He took an aerial tour of the fire, which has scorched more than
404 square miles since being sparked by lightning about three weeks
ago. Firefighters were building fire lines and conducting more
burnout operations to keep the giant Whitewater-Baldy fire from
making any aggressive runs along its boundaries."In case we run out
of water while fighting fires. We have no choice but to rush all
the way back to the fire station for filling our tanks again, which
poses a big challenge. Tarlochan Singh maintained that to add to
their woes were other problems like negotiating the unruly traffic,
particularly in the cramped lanes of the walled city, where most of
the fires were reported. Municipal commissioner Dharampal Gupta,
however, denied that the situation was not so grim. "They do have
the requisite infrastructure to fight fires, but their job is
challenging," he said, adding that that every effort was being made
to revamp the department and more technological advances were in
the offing. Figure 3
19. SANITARY&PLUMBING WORKS What is sanitary plumbing?
Sanitary plumbing is any work involved in fixing or unfixing any
pipe, plumbing fixture or appliance including; any trap, waste or
soil pipe, ventilation pipe, or overflow pipe and any pipe that
supplies or is intended to supply water. All sanitary plumbing must
comply with the Building Code and, where a building consent is
required; the work must be checked by the building inspector from
the building control authority in your area (your local council). A
code compliance certificate cannot be issued until the work has
been signed off by the building inspector. A certifying plumber is
responsible for the testing, verification and the supervision of
licensed plumbers, limited certificate (trainee plumbers) and
exempted persons. Sanitary plumbing does not include the
installation of appliances such as dishwashers and washing
machines; the replacement or repair of taps, ball valves and plugs.
Sanitary plumbing:When we turn on the tap to pour ourselves a
drink, most of us would not give the water's quality a second
thought for that matter would we consider where water ends up when
we've finished using it.Society itself depends on the safe delivery
and removal of water. History has proven time and again that
without regulatory control poor sanitary plumbing can result in
sickness and even death. For this reason, registered plumbers are
considered at the forefront of New Zealands primary health
protection. A certifying plumber undertakes formal training for no
less than six years to become qualified in safe water management.
They are then required to keep abreast of changes in technology and
regulations to ensure that they deliver effective and safe
practices to the consumer when undertaking sanitary plumbing.
20. Figure 4 Who can undertake sanitary plumbing? Authorisation
type Licence category Certifying plumber This is the highest
qualification available. These people are responsible for ensuring
both their own work, and the work of anyone they supervise is done
competently. Licensed plumber These people are qualified and
licensed but must be supervised by a certifying person who is
ultimately responsible for ensuring the work is done competently.
Limited certificate trainee plumber These are people who are
working towards becoming qualified. They can do the work but a
certifying person must ensure it is done competently. Exemption
plumbing supervision for Exemptions under These people are not
registered and don't have a full qualification, but they can do
plumbing work provided they are supervised by a certifying person,
who must ensure that the work is done competently.
21. GYPSUM BORD/ VENEER CEILING Now a days gypsum board widely
used in building works. it is generally used for dry partition work
.It became most due to its light weight and cheap. It is also heat
resistant. It can also resist fire upto two hours during fire .
Figure 5 PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tile (TR576) PVC gypsum
ceiling tile is made of high quality paper-faced gypsum board with
a layer of PVC on surface and aluminum foil on its back. Waterproof
and corrosion-resistant Materials: Gypsum Board Gypsum Board (6809)
We have three kinds of gypsum board, regular gypsum board,
fire-proofgypsum board and moisture resistant gypsum board. 1>
Regular plasterboard: Gypsum board edge: ...A: Ceiling system
Waterproof Gypsum Board With ivory color gypsum board paper faced,
high-grade natural gypsum powder as main material. Trusus Gypsum
Plasterboard is available to be produced the following dimensions
range according to Paper Faced Gypsum Board Paper Faced Gypsum
Board Paper Faced Gypsum Board Specifications 3. Paperfaced gypsum
board Weight: Paper Faced Gypsum Board Data Packaging: 2 Boards per
Bundle, End Taped PVC laminated gypsum board/ gypsum ceiling 1
Gypsum Ceiling Tiles, PVC gypsum board, Material: Good quality
paper faced gypsum board, surface is imported or domestic PVC film,
backi s aluminum Foil It gypsum board ...back. ... Gypsum Board :
PVC Laminated Gypsum Board Applications: Widely applied in the
suspended ceiling system of high-level buildings, such as
guesthouse, restaurant, theater,... office building and so on.
...
22. Figure 6 PVC Gypsum: PVC gypsum Our PVC ...It is an
economical, elegant, fashionable, ceiling decorative material. 1)
PVC Facing Gypsum Ceiling PVC coated gypsum board with aluminum
foil backing, some of our customers call it as PVC laminated gypsum
ceiling tile, vinyl faced gypsum panel or gypsum ceilingboard. we
use a paper carton to ... Figure 7 Both Sides Paper Faced Gypsum
Board including standard board, fire-resistantboard, special size
board and the board edge contains tapered edge and square edge. 2.
Gypsum board edge 2) PVC Laminated Gypsum Board : PVC Laminated
Gypsum Board is used to decorate the inside roof ceiling, It is
popular with the nice looking and sound sound absorption, various
kinds of designs, wide using in schools, house.
23. PILES FOUNDATION Figure 8 Pile foundation systems
Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles
connected by a pile cap (a large concrete block into which the
heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads which are
larger than one pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are
typically connected with grade beams to tie the foundation elements
together; lighter structural elements bear on the grade beams while
heavier elements bear directly on the pile cap. Types of Piles
Steel Piles Pipe piles Rolled steel H-section piles Concrete Piles
Pre-cast Piles Cast-in-situ Piles Bored-in-situ piles Timber Piles
Composite Piles Steel Piles: Facts Usual length: 15 m 60 m Usual
Load: 300 kN 1200 kN Advantage: Relatively less hassle during
installation and easy to achieve cutoff level. High driving force
may be used for fast installation Good to penetrate hard strata
Load carrying capacity is high Disadvantage: Relatively expensive
Noise pollution during installation
24. Concrete Piles: Facts Pre-cast Piles: Usual length: 10 m 45
m Usual Load: 7500 kN 8500 kN Cast-in-situ Piles: Usual length: 5 m
15 m Usual Load: 200 kN 500 kN Advantage: Relatively cheap can be
easily combined with concrete superstructure It Corrosion resistant
can bear hard driving It Disadvantage: Difficult to transport
Difficult to achieve desired cutoff When is it needed Top layers of
soil are highly compressible for it to supportstructural loads
through shallow foundations.Rock level is shallow enough for end
bearing pilefoundations provide a more economical design.Lateral
forces are relatively prominent.In presence of expansive and
collapsible soils at the site.Offshore structuresStrong uplift
forces on shallow foundations due to shallow water table can be
partly transmitted to Piles.For structures near flowing water
(Bridge abutments, etc.)to avoid the problems due to erosion.
Figure 9
25. SHEAR WALL In structural engineering, a shear wall is a
wall composed of braced panels (also known as shear panels) to
counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind and
earthquake loads are the most common loads braced wall lines are
designed to counteract. Under several building codes, including the
International Building Code (where it is called a braced wall line)
andUniform Building Code, all exterior wall lines in wood or steel
frame construction must be braced. Depending on the size of the
building some interior walls must be braced as well. Figure 10 A
typical timber shearwall is to create braced panels in the wall
line using structural plywood sheathing with specific nailing at
the edges and supporting framing of the panel. A more traditional
method is to use let-in diagonal wood bracing throughout the wall
line, and a newer alternative is let-in metal T-bracing but these
methods may not be viable for buildings with many door and window
openings and may not meet seismic or high wind zone codes. Such
walls can be either "load bearing" or "non-load bearing". Shear
walls are a type of structural system that provides lateral
resistance to a building or structure. They resist "in-plane" loads
that are applied along its height. The applied load is generally
transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or collector or drag member.
They are built in wood, concrete, and CMU (masonry). Plywood is the
conventional material used in the construction of shear walls, but
with advances in technology and modern building methods, there are
other prefabricated options which have made it possible to inject
shear assemblies into narrow walls that fall at either side of an
opening in a shear wall. Sheet steel and steel-backed shear panels
in the place of structural plywood in shear walls has proved to be
far stronger in seismic resistance. Nonplanar Shear Walls: Due to
functional requirements, the designer may choose non planar
sections like C,L as opposed to the planar sections like
rectangular/bar bell sections. Nonplanar sections require 3D
analysis and are a research area.
26. Methods of Analysis: 1.Finite Element Method 2.Stringer
Panel Model Figure 11
27. Retaining wall A retaining wall is a structure designed and
constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil when there is a
desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose
of the soil. A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall.
But the term usually refers to a cantilever retaining wall, which
is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its top. [2]
These are cantilevered from a footing and rise above the grade on
one side to retain a higher level grade on the opposite side. The
walls must resist the lateral pressures generated by loose soils
or, in some cases, water pressures. Every retaining wall supports a
wedge of soil. The wedge is defined as the soil which extends
beyond the failure plane of the soil type present at the wall site,
and can be calculated once the soil friction angle is known. As the
setback of the wall increases, the size of the sliding wedge is
reduced. This reduction lowers the pressure on the retaining wall.
The most important consideration in proper design and installation
of retaining walls is to recognize and counteract the tendency of
the retained material to move downslope due to gravity. This
creates lateral earth pressure behind the wall which depends on the
angle of internal friction (phi) and the cohesive strength (c) of
the retained material, as well as the direction and magnitude of
movement the retaining structure undergoes. Lateral earth pressures
are zero at the top of the wall and - in homogenous ground increase
proportionally to a maximum value at the lowest depth. Earth
pressures will push the wall forward or overturn it if not properly
addressed. Also, any groundwater behind the wall that is not
dissipated by adrainage system causes hydrostatic pressure on the
wall. The total pressure or thrust may be assumed to act at
one-third from the lowest depth for lengthwise stretches of uniform
height. Unless the wall is designed to retain water, It is
important to have proper drainage behind the wall in order to limit
the pressure to the wall's design value. Drainage materials will
reduce or eliminate the hydrostatic pressure and improve the
stability of the material behind the wall. Drystone retaining walls
are normally self-draining. As an example, the International
Building Code requires retaining walls to be designed to ensure
stability against overturning, sliding, excessive foundation
pressure and water uplift; and that they be designed for a safety
factor of 1.5 against lateral sliding and overturning
28. Figure 12
29. RAFT FOUNDATION A raft foundation is essential a mat
foundation. The purpose of a mat foundation is when you a building
built on a site with low soil bearing conditions or when a
foundation. A raft foundation is use to distribute the buidling
pressure over a large area so the soil can bear the stress. Think
of it this way. If you had a building that has a site soil capacity
of two thousand pounds per square foot and the building weight is 8
thousand pounds. What foundation would put less stress on the soil?
a 500 square foot foundation or a 1000 square foot foundation. A
500 square foot will give you a stress of 16 pounds per square foot
while the 1000 will give you 8 pounds per square foot. Less stress
is imposed on the building with the large foundation. Also, the
raft foundation sometimes have haunches that go below the slab
portion to resist punching shear from column or large concentration
loads or wide beams along edges and through the intermediate in the
slab to resist bending forces due to expansive soils (clay soils)
and bending forces imposed the structure above Figure 13
30. Non destructive testing Non-destructive testing can be
applied to both old and new structures. For new structures, the
principal applications are likely to be for quality control or the
resolution of doubts about the quality of materials or
construction. The testing of existing structures is usually related
to an assessment of structural integrity or adequacy. In either
case, if destructive testing alone is used, for instance, by
removing cores for compression testing, the cost of coring and
testing may only allow a relatively small number of tests to be
carried out on a large structure which may be misleading.
Non-destructive testing can be used in those situations as a
preliminary to subsequent coring. Typical situations where
non-destructive testing may be useful are, as follows: quality
control of pre-cast units or construction in situ removing
uncertainties about the acceptability of the material supplied
owing to apparent non-compliance with specification confirming or
negating doubt concerning the workmanship involved in batching,
mixing, placing, compacting or curing of concrete monitoring of
strength development in relation to formwork removal, cessation of
curing, prestressing, load application or similar purpose location
and determination of the extent of cracks, voids, honeycombing and
similar defects within a concrete structure determining the
concrete uniformity, possibly preliminary to core cutting, load
testing or other more expensive or disruptive tests determining the
position, quantity or condition of reinforcement increasing the
confidence level of a smaller number of destructive tests
31. Sieve analysisProcedure A gradation test is performed on a
sample of aggregate in a laboratory. A typical sieve analysis
involves a nested column of sieves with wire mesh cloth (screen).
See the separate Mesh (scale) page for details of sieve sizing. A
representative weighed sample is poured into the top sieve which
has the largest screen openings. Each lower sieve in the column has
smaller openings than the one above. At the base is a round pan,
called the receiver. The column is typically placed in a mechanical
shaker. The shaker shakes the column, usually for some fixed amount
of time. After the shaking is complete the material on each sieve
is weighed. The weight of the sample of each sieve is then divided
by the total weight to give a percentage retained on each sieve.
The size of the average particle on each sieve is then analysed to
get a cut-off point or specific size range, which is then captured
on a screen. The results of this test are used to describe the
properties of the aggregate and to see if it is appropriate for
various civil engineering purposes such as selecting the
appropriate aggregate for concrete mixes and asphalt mixes as well
as sizing of water production well screens. The results of this
test are provided in graphical form to identify the type of
gradation of the aggregate. The complete procedure for this test is
outlined in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C
136 and the American Association and State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T 27 A suitable sieve size for
the aggregate should be selected and placed in order of decreasing
size, from top to bottom, in a mechanical sieve shaker. A pan
should be placed underneath the nest of sieves to collect the
aggregate that passes through the smallest. The entire nest is then
agitated, and the material whose diameter is smaller than the mesh
opening pass through the sieves. After the aggregate reaches the
pan, the amount of material retained in each sieve is then
weighed
32. Figure 14 Result The results are presented in a graph of
percent passing versus the sieve size. On the graph the sieve size
scale is logarithmic. To find the percent of aggregate passing
through each sieve, first find the percent retained in each sieve.
To do so, the following equation is used, %Retained = 100% where
WSieve is the weight of aggregate in the sieve and WTotal is the
total weight of the aggregate. The next step is to find the
cumulative percent of aggregate retained in each sieve. To do so,
add up the total amount of aggregate that is retained in each sieve
and the amount in the previous sieves. The cumulative percent
passing of the aggregate is found by subtracting the percent
retained from 100%. %Cumulative Passing = 100% - %Cumulative
Retained. The values are then plotted on a graph with cumulative
percent passing on the y axis and logarithmic sieve size on the x
axis There are two versions of the %Passing equations. the .45
power formula is presented on .45 power gradation chart, whereas
the more simple %Passing is presented on a semi-log gradation
chart. version of the percent passing graph is shown on .45 power
chart and by using the .45 passing formula. .45 power Percent
Passing Formula: % Passing = Pi = Where: x100%
33. SieveLargest - Largest diameter sieve used in (mm).
Aggregatemax_size - Largest piece of aggregate in the sample in
(mm). Percent Passing Formula: %Passing = x100% Where: WBelow - The
total mass of the aggregate within the sieves below the current
sieve, not including the current sieve's aggregate. WTotal - The
total mass of all of the aggregate in the sample Aggregate impact
value This test is done to determine the aggregate impact value of
coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) 1963. The apparatus
used for determining aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates is
Impact testing machine conforming to IS: 2386 (Part IV)- 1963,IS
Sieves of sizes 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm, A cylindrical metal
measure of 75mm dia. and 50mm depth, A tamping rod of 10mm circular
cross section and 230mm length, rounded at one end and Oven.
Preparation of Sample i) The test sample should conform to the
following grading: -Passing through 12.5mm IS Sieve 100% -
Retention on 10mm IS Sieve 100% ii) The sample should be oven-dried
for 4hrs. at a temperature of 100 to 110oC and cooled. iii) The
measure should be about one-third full with the prepared aggregates
and tamped with 25 strokes of the tamping rod. A further similar
quantity of aggregates should be added and a further tamping of 25
strokes given. The measure should finally be filled to overflow,
tamped 25 times and the surplus aggregates struck off, using a
tamping rod as a straight edge. The net weight of the aggregates in
the measure should be determined to the nearest gram (Weight)
34. Figure 15 Procedure to determine Aggregate Impact Value: i)
The cup of the impact testing machine should be fixed firmly in
position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test
sample placed in it and compacted by 25 strokes of the tamping rod.
ii) The hammer should be raised to 380mm above the upper surface of
the aggregates in the cup and allowed to fall freely onto the
aggregates. The test sample should be subjected to a total of 15
such blows, each being delivered at an interval of not less than
one second. Aggregate impact value = (B/A) x 100% iii) Two such
tests should be carried out and the mean of the results should be
reported
35. CONCRETE ADMIXTURES Admixtures are ingredients other than
water, aggregates, hydraulic cement, and fibers that are added to
the concrete batch immediately before or during mixing, in nominal
quantities. A proper use of admixtures offers certain beneficial
effects to concrete, including improved quality, acceleration or
retardation of setting time, enhanced frost and sulphate
resistance, control of strength development, improved workability,
and enhanced finishability. Admixtures vary widely in chemical
composition, and many perform more than one function. Two basic
types of admixtures are available: chemical and mineral. All
admixtures to be used in concrete construction should meet
specifications; tests should be made to evaluate how the admixture
will affect the properties of the concrete to be made with the
specified job materials, under the anticipated ambient conditions,
and by the anticipated construction procedures. Materials used as
admixtures included milk and lard by the Romans; eggs during the
middle ages in Europe; polished glutinous rice paste, lacquer, tung
oil, blackstrap molasses, and extracts from elm soaked in water and
boiled bananas by the Chinese; and in Mesoamerica and Peru, cactus
juice and latex from rubber plants. The Mayans also used bark
extracts and other substances as set retarders to keep stucco
workable for a long period of time.
36. MINERAL ADMIXTURES Mineral admixtures (fly ash, silica fume
[SF], and slags) are usually added to concrete in larger amounts to
enhance the workability of fresh concrete; to improve resistance of
concrete to thermal cracking, alkali-aggregate expansion, and
sulphate attack; and to enable a reduction in cement content. Fly
Ash Silica Fume Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag(GGBFS) FLY ASH
Figure 16 Fly ash is comprised of the non-combustible mineral
portion of coal consumed in a coalfueled power plant. Chemically,
fly ash is a pozzolan. When mixed with lime (calcium hydroxide),
pozzolans combine to form cementitious compounds. Concrete
containing fly ash becomes stronger, more durable, and more
resistant to chemical attack. Fly ash particles are glassy,
spherical shaped ball bearings typically finer than cement
particles that are collected from the combustion air-stream exiting
the power plant. There are two basic types of fly ash: Class F and
Class C. Both Class F and Class C fly ashes undergo a pozzolanic
reaction with the lime to create the same binder (calcium silicate
hydrate, C-S-H gel) as cement. The main benefit of fly ash in
concrete is that it not only reduces the amount of non-durable
calcium hydroxide (lime), but in the process converts it into
calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), which is the strongest and most
durable portion of the paste in concrete. Fly ash also makes
substantial contributions to workability, chemical resistance and
the environment. Fly Ash Contributes to Concrete Durability and
Strength There is a huge difference between durability and
strength. Durability is the ability to maintain integrity and
strength over time. Strength is only a measure of the ability to
sustain loads at a given point in time. Cement normally gains the
great majority of its strength within 28 days. Concrete made with
fly ash will be slightly lower in strength than straight cement
concrete up to 28 days, equal strength at 28 days, and
substantially higher strength within a years time. Conversely, in
straight cement
37. concrete, this lime would remain intact and over time it
would be susceptible to the effects of weathering and loss of
strength and durability. Fly Ash Contributes to Concrete
Workability First, fly ash produces more cementitious paste. It has
a lower unit weight, which means that on a pound for pound basis,
fly ash contributes roughly 30% more volume of cementitious
material per pound versus cement. The greater the percentage of fly
ash ball bearings in the paste, the better lubricated the
aggregates are and the better concrete flows. Second, fly ash
reduces the amount of water needed to produce a given slump. Water
demand of a concrete mix with fly ash is reduced by 2% to 10%,
depending on a number of factors including the amount used and
class of fly ash. Third, fly ash reduces the amount of sand needed
in the mix to produce workability. Because fly ash creates more
paste, and by its shape and dispersive action makes the paste more
slippery, the amount of sand proportioned into the mix can be
reduced. Since sand has a much greater surface area than larger
aggregates and therefore requires more paste, reducing the sand
means the paste available can more efficiently coat the surface
area of the aggregates that remain. Fly Ash Protects Concrete Fly
ash concrete is less permeable because fly ash reduces the amount
of water needed to produce a given slump, and through pozzolanic
activity, creates more durable CSH as it fills capillaries and
bleed water channels occupied by water-soluble lime (calcium
hydroxide). Fly ash improves corrosion protection. By decreasing
concrete permeability, fly ash can reduce the rate of ingress of
water, corrosive chemicals and oxygen thus protecting steel
reinforcement from corrosion and its subsequent expansive result.
Fly ash also increases sulphate resistance and reduces
alkali-silica reactivity. In reducing alkali-silica reactivity, fly
ash has the ability to react with the alkali hydroxides in Portland
Cement paste, making them unavailable for reaction with reactive
silica in certain aggregates. Fly Ash Reduces Heat of Hydration in
Concrete The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction. Heat is
generated very quickly, causing the concrete temperature to rise
and accelerating the setting time and strength gain of the
concrete. Warm weather will naturally raise the temperature of
concrete aggregates, which make up the majority of the mass in
concrete. This natural heating of the aggregates, coupled with
solar heating at the construction site, can cause thin concrete
slabs to suffer the damaging effects of thermal cracking, leading
to reduced concrete strength and durability. In such cases,
replacing large percentages of cement with fly ash can reduce the
damaging effects of thermal cracking and provide the time needed
for desirable finish.
38. Conclusions of using Fly Ash in Cement Ease of Pumping
Reduced Bleeding Reduced Segregation Improved Finishing AAC BLOCKS
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), also known as autoclaved
cellular concrete (ACC) or autoclaved lightweight rthe material can
be routed, sanded, and cut to size on site using standard carbon
steel bandsaws, hand saws, and drills. Even though regular cement
mortar can be used, 98% of the buildings erected with AAC materials
use thin bed mortar, which comes to deployment in a thickness of
inch. This varies according to national building codes and creates
solid and compact building members. AAC material can be coated with
a stucco compound or plaster against the elements. Siding materials
such as brick or vinyl siding can also be used to cover the outside
of AAC materials. AAC has been produced for more than 70 years, and
it offers advantages over other cementitious construction
materials, one of the most important being its lower environmental
impact. AACs improved thermal efficiency reduces the heating and
cooling load in buildings. AACs workability allows accurate
cutting, which minimizes the generation of solid waste during use.
AACs resource efficiency gives it lower environmental impact in all
phases of its life cycle, from processing of raw materials to the
disposal of AAC waste. AACs light weight also saves cost &
energy in transportation. AAC's light weight saves labour Raw
materials Unlike most other concrete applications, AAC is produced
using no aggregate larger than sand. Quartz sand, lime, and/or
cement and water are used as a binding agent. Aluminum powder is
used at a rate of 0.05%0.08% by volume (depending on the
pre-specified density). When AAC is mixed and cast in forms,
several chemical reactions take place that give AAC its light
weight (20% of the weight of concrete) and thermal properties.
Aluminum powder reacts with calcium hydroxide and water to form
hydrogen. The hydrogen gas foams and doubles the volume of the raw
mix (creating gas bubbles up to 3mm ( inch) in diameter). At the
end of the foaming process, the hydrogen escapes into the
atmosphere and is replaced by air. When the forms are removed from
the material, it is solid but still soft. It is then cut into
either blocks or panels, and placed in an autoclave chamber for 12
hours. During this steam pressure hardening process, when the
temperature reaches 190 Celsius (374 Fahrenheit) and the pressure
reaches 8 to 12 bars, quartz sand reacts with calcium hydroxide
to
39. form calcium silica hydrate, which accounts for AAC's high
strength and other unique properties. After the autoclaving
process, the material is ready for immediate use on the
construction site. Depending on its density, up to 80% of the
volume of an AAC block is air. AAC's low density also accounts for
its low structural compression strength. It can carry loads of up
to 8 MPa (1,160 PSI), approximately 50% of the compressive strength
of regular concrete. Since 1980, there has been a worldwide
increase in the use of AAC materials. New production plants are
being built in the USA, Easter Europe, Israel, China, Bahrain,
India, and Australia. AAC is increasingly used by developers,
architects, and home builders. Figure 17
40. Kosmos Tower Figure 18 Technical specification Total number
of towers -10 Towers (1,2,9,10 )- G+15 Raft -1.4m A,B,C,D units
Towers (3,4,5,6,7,8)-G+25 Raft -1.7m Top level -192.81m Bottom
level-191.11m Piles foundation 3,4,7,8- A,B,D units 5,6 A,B,C units
Dia -1m 1 tower -197 piles Grade of cement - M35,M40 Lower basement
-4990 mm Upper basement -3850mm
41. Ground floor 3350 mm 1st to 29th floor-3150 mm 30th floor -
3400 mm Cantilevers -1,2,9,10 -3rd ,4th ,6th ,5th (1st level)
11th,12th,13th,14th (2nd level) 19th ,20th ,21st ,22nd (3rd level)
Height of tower -90.75m 1st to 3rd floor green floor (rest kota
stone) Total number of BHK-74 Type of room 2BHK 3BHK 3BHK 4BHK 3BHK
4BHK Type Number Area(sq ft) Type A Type B Type A Type B PENTHOUSE
PENTHOUSE 24 27 05 10 05 01 02 1630 2372 2909 3298 3147 3400 6500
Mivan shuttering Mivan Formwork System MIVAN FORMWORK SYSTEM The
Mivan Formwork System is a uniquely designed method of using
aluminum formwork panels to construct reinforced concrete
buildings. The system has a very simple basic concept. A number of
aluminum panels are fixed together forming a mould for a part of
the building. The mould is then filled with concrete. This set of
panels are then removed, reconnected and filled with concrete each
day. This routine completes the whole building structure in very
short time and to a high quality standard. The benefits of the
system are maximized when all elements of the building structure,
including the walls, are cast in-situ concrete. When the concrete
walls are designed to support the structure itself this is known as
load bearing wall design. This building design is the most suitable
to the Mivan Formwork
42. system, but it can be used very successfully for many
building designs including column, beam, slab and can be
successfully integrated with suitable prefabricated forms.
ADVANTAGES OF MIVAN FORMWORK SYSTEM Building strength and
durability All walls are reinforced concrete providing much greater
stability than columns with brick walls. The walls and floor slabs
are cast at the same time so there are no weak joints. Wall
surfaces are concrete which do not crack like plaster and maintain
a smooth surface for a much longer time. QUALITY OF FINISHED
BUILDING Precisely manufactured formwork allows concrete to be cast
to exact dimensions as designed. Daily repetition of the same work
means that work teams become very efficient to complete their work
accurately (as in factory production) and to a high standard. All
door and window openings are formed to precise dimensions which
allows perfect fitting of the frames. Many services, like water
supply & some waste pipes and electrical conduits, can be cast
into the concrete where it is protected and not visible. SPEED OF
CONSTRUCTION A large amount of work can be completed in each daily
work routine which means the structure is complete much faster than
traditional formwork. The daily work routine guarantees the target
completion dates are achieved. All of the walls can be formed at
the same time so there is no time needed for brick laying and
plastering. After the concrete is cast finishing works like window
fixing, wall tiling and plumbing work can be installed immediately.
Many of the finishing items can be prefabricated away from the site
because of the accurate dimensions of the concrete work, so
installation on site is much faster and at less cost. EFFICIENCY
AND COST SAVING The fast production method completes the project in
shorter time which saves on site running, operating and financing
costs. Smooth concrete surface means a thin skim coat can achieve a
very smooth wall finish with a small labour force. Much of the
structure is cast in concrete by a small group of workers, so no
labour is needed for building brick walls or plastering. Accurately
manufactured formwork means it fits into position exactly and does
not have to be adjusted each time so it doesn't waste formwork or
concrete material. Prefabricated finishing items means less skilled
workers are required on the site. Formwork panels are light and do
not need capital cost for heavy cranes for lifting. FINANCING COSTS
Fast project
43. completion saves financing charges as the buildings can be
transferred to the owners much earlier than traditional methods
ENVIRONMENTAL No timber is used and all aluminum panels are used
many times before being recycled to make other products. Figure 19
Figure 20