Steven Stegers Moving Images in History Education

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Using moving images in history educationSteven Stegers, Programme Director EUROCLIO, 4 December 2015, Warsaw, EUScreenXL Conference

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euEUROCLIO - European Association of History Educators

is an international community of educators established in 1992 with members across Europeaims to promote innovative and responsible history, heritage and citizenship education.organises international trainings and develops alternative educational resources (amongst others).

Educators from various countries work together in Veles, Republic of Macedonia, in 2011. (EUROCLIO)

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euIn our view, high-quality history, heritage and citizenship education

Selected Principles from the Manifest on High-Quality History, Heritage and Citizenship Education, adopted by the EUROCLIO General Assembly in 2014, Background Image: M.C. Escher, Relativity, 1953

It raises awareness on the fact that the past is perceived differently.It does not attempt to transmit a single truth about the past.Uses strategies that enhance independent learning, motivation and engagement.It recognises that its significance is related to current experiences and challenges.Is competence based (knowledge, skills and attitudes)

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.eu

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This means that we strive that learnersAccept ambiguityRecognise misuse of historyCan do their own researchAsk critical questionsForm their own opinionsResist manipulation

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euhttp://i.huffpost.com/gen/1265395/images/o-YOUNG-PERSON-CALM-facebook.jpg4

Such a critical approach is much needed, because:

history is not taught solely in the classroom, but is learned in a variety of places, and in a variety of ways

Emma Wilmer, Emeritus Editor, Public History Resource Centre

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euAnd yet.[Of 6,701 educators who responded to a European wide survey] most (62%) teachers say that the teaching of film literacy is an uncommon and sporadic practice, and only 5% states it is a widespread and common practice.

https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/schools-europe-are-not-using-films-and-audiovisual-material-full-concluded-eu-study , 2015, page 7.

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euPublication: Showing films and other audiovisual content in European Schools.

In the schools: The teaching of film literacy is often dependent on the initiative of individual teachers. There is no specific subject.

In the film industry: licencing of films to be shown in schools is not a priority for the industry, although very good schemes exist.

In copyright law: The exception for illustration is implemented in very different ways and there is a lot of legal uncertainty. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/schools-europe-are-not-using-films-and-audiovisual-material-full-concluded-eu-study (http://bit.ly/1CLdu7I)

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euhttp://bit.ly/1CLdu7I7

Publication: Showing films and other audiovisual content in European Schools.

In the schools: The teaching of film literacy is often dependent on the initiative of individual teachers. There is no specific subject.

In the film industry: licencing of films to be shown in schools is not a priority for the industry, although very good schemes exist.

In copyright law: The exception for illustration is implemented in very different ways and there is a lot of legal uncertainty. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/schools-europe-are-not-using-films-and-audiovisual-material-full-concluded-eu-study (http://bit.ly/1CLdu7I)

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euhttp://bit.ly/1CLdu7I8

Some obstacles that I encountered myself. Access to sources. Time it takes to select a clip. Copyright barriers. Language barriers. Services are stopped. Broken links.Buffering.

Fred Seibert, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euWhat makes is worth the effort? Some use cases


European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euhttp://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/06/world/army-rift-reported-beijing-shooting-civilians-goes-bush-bars-arms-sales-china.html11

Analysing sourcesWhat happens here?



5 June 1989, Beijing, Photo by Jeff Widener of the Associated Press.



Cover of the New York Times, 6 June 19895 June 1989, Beijing, Photo by Jeff Widener of the Associated Press.


5 June 1989, Beijing, Footage of the same event (copyright unknown) Analysing sourcesWhat happens here?

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euUnderstanding historical significance of some moving imagesThis footage made history.West German television crucially enabled the peaceful protests that led to the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989 through its coverage of East German refugees fleeing from the German Democratic Republic via Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and on the demonstrations for democratic right and the freedom of travel.

Judith Keilbach, Utrecht University, The Fall of the Berlin Wall, Discover European Television Histories.

Opening borders, 11 September 1989, NAVA / Hungary

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euhttp://videoactive.eu/VideoActive/KNASearch.do?id=VA_KNA_20090814142103184&type=events&sw=%5D,%202010. http://www.euscreen.eu/item.html?id=EUS_0E0E1A4FE0C5BD084661A0F61D7DF78E

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Footage selected for the introductory scene for a documentary Life on both sides of the Berlin wall by The Guardian.

Moving images can help to make history accessible.The brandenburg gate in Berlinwas once as proud a landmark as the Arc de Triompheas busy as Admiralty Arch.Now it marks the dividing line between East and West between the two parts of Berlin.one of the bleakest,

And at its foot runs the symbol of that division and inhumanmost brutalbits of masonry ever built.

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euThe brandenburg gate in Berlin was once as proud a landmark as the Arc de Triomphe, as busy as Admiralty Arch.Now it marks the dividing line between East and West, between the two parts of Berlin.And at its foot runs the symbol of that division: one of the most brutal and inhuman bits of masonry ever built. 17

Encourage multiperspectivityA variety of viewspoints on the same eventsA French perspective

An Italian perspective

La construction du mur de Berlin, 8 September 1961 (INA France)

Sipario di cemento, 20 October 1961 (LUNA)

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euhttp://www.euscreen.eu/item.html?id=EUS_80455EEE686B4179A02635B8BEC2319Dhttp://www.euscreen.eu/item.html?id=EUS_E8EA5A838546487A88ECD2AC977E3D6A18

Developing a sense of timeEurope like after World War 2

Life under New Regimeseskoslovensk filmov tdenk 47/1946, CTDisplaced People and RefugeesDe kom ver fjllen, 1945, KB / SwedenHunger and HardshipDansk Rde Kors konvoj til Budapest, 1946, DRInfrastructure DestructionConstruction Nantes, 1945, INA FranceLife Goes Oneskoslovensk filmov tdenk 2/1946, CRNever AgainRatification du trait de paix avec l'Italie, 1946, INA France

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euMedia literacyUnderstanding how media is made

The Dutch Army Demobilises, Weekly News Week 40 1940(Netherland Institute Sound and Vision, OpenBeelden)


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In sum: providing access to collections is not all what needs to happen

European Association of History Educatorswww.euroclio.euWhat else can we (educators and audiovisual archives) do? Select clips that help to achieve specific learning outcomes. Remove barriers to learning that stand in the way of making best use of these clips (which could be: contextual info, translation of texts, format, highlighted details, contrasting sources).Ensure that those clips are available to be used and re-used by passionate educators that are eager to unlock the potential.Present the clips alongside ideas on how to make best use of them (online and via trainings).Develop tools that are specifically designed to unlock the potential of using movingimages (and make sure they stay online).

Fred Seibert, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0


The Europeana Taskforce for Education was created to work on the Recommendations for Education and Learning published in May 2015

http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/europeana-for-education-policy-recommendationsCC BY-SA, Wellcome Library


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Copyright policies impact the way history is portrayed online.

Part of the article on Iraq War on Wikipedia (Accessed 1 December 2015).


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