1. SPANISH VISIT TO TURKEY 9-17 NOVEMBER 2013

2. VISITING THE SCHOOL 3. WORK MEETINGS 4. WORK MEETINGS 5. WORK MEETINGS 6. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY CENTER 7. Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. From hot springs, geothermal energy has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times, but it is now better known for electricity generation. 8. Turkey is one of the fortunate countries in terms of gothermal energy, a clean, environmentally-friendly and a renewable energy source. Turkey has the 7th largest geothermal potential in the world and first in Europe with approximately 2,000 MW potential. With four different geothermal exploration licenses, Trkerler has started its geothermal drilling operations in February 2011 near Alaehir, Manisa. Following successful results of the first wells, efforts are currently continuing to build a 24 MW licensed binary power plant. We are planning to reach 150 MW in this region and generate 1.26 million kWh of energy. 9. Geothermal Energy in Spain 10. Geothermal spring 11. More about Geology: Pamukkale 12. Pamukkale Deriving from springs in a cliff almost 200m high overlooking the plain, calcite- laden waters have created at Pamukkale (Cotton Palace) an unreal landscape, made up of mineral forests, petrified waterfalls and a series of terraced basins. 13. History: Sardis Sardis was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia,[1] one of the important cities of the Persian Empire, the seat of a proconsul under the Roman Empire, and the metropolis of the province Lydia in later Roman and Byzantine times. The city was captured by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC, by the Persians in the 6th, by the Athenians in the 5th, and by Antiochus III the Great at the end of the 3rd century BC. In the Persian era, Sardis was conquered by Cyrus the Great and formed the end station for the Persian Royal Road which began in Persepolis, capital of Persia. During the Ionian Revolt, the Athenians burnt down the city. Sardis remained under Persian domination until it surrendered to Alexander the Great in 334 BC 14. Sardis: Gold and Money The early Lydian kingdom was very advanced in the industrial arts and Sardis was the chief seat of its manufactures. The most important of these trades was the manufacture and dyeing of delicate woolen stuffs and carpets. The stream Pactolus which flowed through the market-place "carried golden sands" in early antiquity, which was in reality gold dust out of Mount Tmolus. It was during the reign of King Croesus that the metallurgists of Sardis discovered the secret of separating gold from silver, thereby producing both metals of a purity never known before.[2] This was an economic revolution, for while gold nuggets panned or mined were used as currency, their purity was always suspect and a hindrance to trade. Such nuggets or coinage were naturally occurring alloys of gold and silver known as electrum and one could never know how much of it was gold and how much was silver. Sardis now could mint nearly pure silver and gold coins, the value of which could beand wastrusted throughout the known world. This revolution made Sardis rich and Croesus' name synonymous with wealth itself. For this reason, Sardis is famed in history as the place where modern currency was invented. 15. Historical Cities: Manisa Manisa (an earlier name Saruhan) has a very long history and its first settlement dates back to as early as 14th century B.C. In 12th century B.C., the city of Magnesia Ad Sipylum was founded. Some 600 years later the region was conquered by the great Persian king - Cyprus II. In the 1st century, the city passed under Roman rule and thus prospered as a rich and commercially active city. During this period it first acquired the name Magnesiopolis and later became Magnesia. After the Romans, for a century the kingdom was ruled by the Christians (John 3 Ducas) and then was conquered by the Turkmen tribes who made it the capital of their principality. They also changed the name to Manisa. 16. In 1390, Manisa was conquered by the Ottomans who chose the city as the training ground for crown princes. After 12 years the city passed into the hands of Timur Lenk who restored the principality and later Manisa once again was incorporated into Ottoman Empire. In the 16th century, the Mesir Macunu festival was started in the honor of the cure of Ayse Sultana, mother of Suleiman the magnificent. "Mesir Macunu" or spiced candy, which cured her, is made by mixing various spices and is supposed to restore health, youth and potency. 17. Historical Cities: Ephesus Ephesus was founded as an Attic-Ionian colony in the 10th century BC on the Ayasuluk Hill, three kilometers (1.9 miles) from the center of ancient Ephesus (as attested by excavations at the Seljuk castle during the 1990s). About 650 BC, Ephesus was attacked by the Cimmerians who razed the city, including the temple of Artemis. After the Cimmerians had been driven away, the city was ruled by a series of tyrants. After a revolt by the people, Ephesus was ruled by a council called the Kuretes. The city prospered again, producing a number of important historical figures such as the elegiac poet Callinus [21] and the iambic poet Hipponax, the philosopher Heraclitus, the great painter Parrhasius and later the grammarian Zenodotos and physicians Soranus and Rufus 18. Historical Cities: Ephesus About 560 BC, Ephesus was conquered by the Lydians under king Croesus. He treated the inhabitants with respect, despite ruling harshly, and even became the main contributor to the reconstruction of the temple of Artemis. [22] His signature has been found on the base of one of the columns of the temple (now on display in the British Museum). Croesus made the populations of the different settlements around Ephesus regroup (synoikismos) in the vicinity of the Temple of Artemis, enlarging the city. Later in the same century, the Lydians under Croesus invaded Persia. The Ionians refused a peace offer from Cyrus the Great, siding with the Lydians instead. After the Persians defeated Croesus, the Ionians offered to make peace but Cyrus insisted that they surrender and become part of the empire. [23] They were defeated by the Persian army commander Harpagos in 547 BC. The Persians then incorporated the Greek cities of Asia Minor into the Achaemenid Empire. Those cities were then ruled by satraps. 19. Historical Cities: Ephesus 20. Religion: mosques 21. Religion: the house of Virgin Mary (Ephesus) 22. Aracena caves stalactites 23. Stalactites and stalagmites The stalactite is above, and hangs downward like an icicle; the stalagmite is below and sticks up. They grow in pairs, the slightly acidic water dissolves some of the limestone, carrying it downward. When the water evaporates, the limestone appears to have flowed downward. Some of the water does not evaporate until it has fallen through the air, and landed on the floor, the remaining limestone building the stalagmite. Sometimes the stalactite is missing, as they sometimes break off and fall; you will often see their pieces on the floor. 24. Hierapolis At the end of the 2nd century B.C. the dynasty of the Attalids, the kings of Pergamon, established the thermal spa of Hierapolis on Pamukkale. The ruins of the baths, temples and other Greek monuments can be seen at the site.