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Food Production in the Greenhouse by Ron Eberly of American Clay Works & Supply Company
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Urban Agriculture
Ron Eberly
American Clay Works & Supply Co.
857 Bryant St.
Denver, CO. 80204
Time is passing to start enduring change.
We must start to create change.
Markets change – Our industry experienced
tremendous growth in the 90’s and first part of the 21st Century.
5 to 6 years ago, market began to flatten.
3 years ago, market began to dip.
Still a good market, with a huge exposure to retail
public.
A need to look outside the traditional box.
What worked last year, may not work next year.
This presentation is about looking outside the box at
some different ideas.
Ministry of Agriculture of Spain Andulusian Province
Almeria, Spain –
Extension Service
This area – 54 miles long x 10 ,miles wide
Conference March 30‐April 4, 2009
Representatives from United States, Chile, Mexico, and Morroco
History – 40 years ago, government of Spain realized
it did not have enough land to grow food for its expanding population.
Faced with a decision, grow their own food, or import
it.
Tried a new approach, growing food in greenhouses.
After many failures, they came upon a formula that
works.
Location – Almeria is located on the southern coast of
Spain.
Almeria, Spain
Greenhouse food production
27,000 Hectacres (67,500 acres) of greenhouse structures
Food production
Structures 37% flat roof52% sawtooth5% gutter connect
Greenhouse heating not necessary
Structures are simple, mostly covered with polyfilm.
The formula that works.
NGS Technology (New Growing Systems)
NGS consists of 3 parts
1st
part – Multilevel Trough Technology
2nd
part –
Fertigation
3rd
part – Specialized fertilizer
These systems combined provide enormous harvest
rates per square foot of greenhouse.
1 acre of NGS is equal to 4.4 acres of growing in the
soil.
NGS Technology uses 60 to 70 % less water.
NGS is simply defined as: The movement of water to
the right place at the right time in the right amount with the correct blend of fertilizers and nutrients.
NGS ‐
The main advantage of the NGS system over
other forms of hydroponics is that the plant roots are exposed to adequate supplies of water, oxygen and
nutrients. In all other forms of production there is a conflict between the supply of these requirements,
since excessive or deficient amounts of one results in an imbalance of one or both of the others.
Savings are significant.
This is possible because plants are not in soil but a
nutrient rich solution that is constantly monitored by sophisticated software or by the growers experience.
These advancements allow this area to produce more
food in less acreage using less water.
Ventilation –
natural airflow
Heating – few structures
Multilevel Trough Technology (NGS)
Different sizes for different crops
Tri‐level tunnel
Second level membrane – very strong
The main advantage of multilevel trough technology
is that the plant roots are exposed to adequate supplies of water, oxygen and nutrients.
Fertilizers
Vegetable oils as a nitrogen source
Humic acid & amino acids
Chemically sequestered micro nutrients
Non organic fertilizers are supplemented with urea
and ammonium sulfate.
Fertigation
The proper mixing of nutrients in the correct amount
Monitored manually or with software
Fertigation
Fertigation – more money is spent on this than on the
structures
CROP PRODUCTION
Key Crops
Tomatoes
Lettuce
Squash
Herbs
Peppers
Melons
Eggplant
Cabbage, Beets, Onions, Cucumbers
Strawberries
270 Growers and Cooperatives
Gross production 1, 450,000,000 Euros annually
Government is not encouraging more space but more efficiency
90% of the production is exported to Europe
10% used locally
Planting in the Greenhouse
Inground planting
Hydroponic
Irrigation
Drip method
Hydroponic
Hydroponics
Primaflor
–largest grower in Andulusia
10,000 acres in hydroponic food production is equal to 40,000 acres in ground planting for lettuce
60‐70% reduction in water use
Lettuce –germination to harvest 90 days
Cherry tomatoes – 18 kilos per square meter/year
Strawberries –plant in September, harvest in November, 7 kilos per square meter
Primaflor
grows both in greenhouse and open field.
All crops are grown hydroponically.
Primaflor
grows 82 varieties of lettuce.
Primaflor
grows strawberries, eggplant, and peppers.
Primaflor
propagates, grows, packages and distributes
its products through the Primaflor
distribution chain.
Primaflor
has an extensive research facility.
Government encouraging more efficiency, not more
growing space.
Moving multilevel trough horizontally
Moving multilevel trough vertically
Portable multilevel trough technology
Organic/Traditional
70% ‐
traditional growing methods
30% ‐
organic growing
Yield 30% less in organic operations vs. traditional
Economics
Strong economy organics sell for approximately 30% more than traditionally produced crops
Slow economy – no difference in selling prices
Yields
Crops
Crop cycle
5‐6 month rotation
Organic tomatoes, yield 6‐7 kilos per square meter
Traditional/conventional 10‐11 kilos per square meter
9 month rotation
Organic tomatoes, yield 11‐12 kilos per square meter
Traditional/conventional, 18‐19 kilos per square meter
Pollination
All crops (traditional and organic) are pollinated by
bees
Labor
3‐4 people per hectacre
General maintenance
Harvesting
Definition of Organic Crops
European standards
No application of pesticides and growth regulators
Use of natural fertilizers with conventional micronutrient supplements
European organic growing standards are less restrictive than those in the United States.
RESEARCH
Algae production
Research is conducted by IFAPA Institute for the Development of Agriculture and Fish production for
Andulusia
100% government funded, similar to USDA
IFAPA – 14 hectacres of greenhouse and row crop production
Employs 200
ALGAE PRODUCTION for FOOD
2 PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Horizontal
VerticalMain ingredients in each systemAlgae – Scenedesmus AlmeriensisWaterNutrients – sodium bicarbonate, potassium sulphateCO2Polyethylene Beads
ALGAE PRODUCTION FOR BIOFUEL
Algae –
Murellopsis
Higher level of fatty acid
Nutrients ‐
sodium bicarbonate, potassium nitrate
CO2 & Water
Production in vertical bags or open troughs
Yield ‐
One 10x6 foot unit 80 grams per day
IFAPA
IFAPA and Cajamar provide funding for research
CAJAMAR – local bank specializes in funding
agricultural research and production
SUMMARY
Past 5 Years in USA
Changes in available water, labor and transportation
Changes force food production to decline in the traditional field production
Concerns of importing foods
NFT Technology in combination with co‐operatives and a dedicated banking system have made this area one of
the most productive areas in the world.
Could this be a possible emerging market?
Alternatives
Spanish government and growers have shown high
yield in crops grown in greenhouses with
Less labor
Reduced water usage
Less transportation costs with crops grown locally or
regionally
Fresher produce