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Characterization of solid waste by Muhammad Ikram A Wahab
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Chapter 2 Characterization
Instant Quiz
Which is the range of composition for food waste in Cities of SEA region?A 20-30% B 40-50% C 70-
80%
Which is the typical value of moisture content of collected MSW in USA 10% B 25% C 40%
ContentsProperties of SWComposition of SW and Options for Recovery or Reuse
Physical, chemical and biological properties
Properties of SWTo design and operation of the functional
elements associated with the SWM, it requiresSources + types of SWData on the composition and rates of
generationSources of solid waste
Related to land use and zoningCan be categorized as
ResidentialInstitutionalMunicipal servicesCommercialIndustrialAgricultural
Sources Of SW
Sources Of SW
Sources Of SW
Schematic Diagram of the Definition of SW
Special Wastes in MSWInclude
Bulky itemsConsumer electronicsWhite goodsYard wastes that are collected separatelyBatteries, oil and tire
Usually handled separately from other residential and commercial waste
Special Wastes in MSWBulky wastes
Large worn out or broken household, commercial and industrial itemsFurniture, lamps, bookcases, filling cabinets, and other
similar itemsConsumer electronics includes worn out, broken, and other
no longer wanted items such as radios , stereos, and television sets.
White goods Large worn out or broken household, commercial,
and industrial appliancesSuch as stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers, and clothes
washers and dryersCollected separately
Usually dismantled for the recovery of specific materials (e.g., copper, aluminium, etc.)
Special Wastes in MSWBrown goods
All kind of consumer electronics such as radios, stereo appliances, tv-sets, toys
Hazardous wastesWastes or combinations of wastes that pose
due to their quantity and composition a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or living organisms
Special Wastes in MSWInstitutional waste
Include government centers, schools, prisons, and hospitalsHealth care waste
Solid and liquid wastes produced during the diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, prevention of disease or alleviation of handicap in humans and animals together with the research related to those activities
WHO Handbook on Health Care Waste Management In most hospitals medical wastes are handled and processed
separately
Municipal servicesOperation and maintenance of municipal facilities
Street sweepings, road side litter, landscape and tree trimmings, catch basin debris, dead animals, and abandoned vehicles
Special Wastes in MSWTreatment plant wastes
Solid and semisolid wastes from water,ww and industrial wastes treatment facilities
WW treatment plant sludgeCommonly co-disposed with MSW in municipal landfills or
incinerated at MSWIMaterials remaining from the combustion of wastes
Categorized as ashes and residues Composed of fine, powdery materials, cinders, clinkers,
and small amounts of burned and partially unburned materials
Glass, crockery, and various metals are also foundResidues from flue gas cleaning (air pollution control
residue)
Other WastesIndustrial solid waste
Sources and types of SW generated at industrial sites Depend on various processes and products related
wastes and hazardous wastesConstruction and demolition waste
Wastes from the construction, remodeling, and repairing of individual residences, commercial buildings and other structures
Variable composition but may includeDirt, stones, concrete, bricks, plaster, lumber, shingles and
plumbing, heating and electrical partsSimilar to construction waste but may include broken glass
and reinforcing steel
Other WastesAgricultural wastes
From diverse agricultural activitiesPlanting and harvesting of row, field, tree and vine
crops; thr production of milk; the production of animals for slaughter; and the operation of feedlots
Typical composition of MSW
Typical composition of MSW
Compostion MSW in Kuala Lumpur
General Stream of SWM Activities
Main stream of MSW in Bangkok
Attempts in MSW Separation and Collection in Bangkok
Properties of MSWPhysical
Specific weight, moisture content, particle size and size distribution, field capacity, compacted waste porosity (permeability)
ChemicalImportant in evaluating alternative processes and
recovery optionsProximate analysis, fusing point of ash, ultimate analysis
(major elements), energy content
Biological Important in considering organic fractionCorresponding to biodegradability and production
of odor
Physical PropertiesSpecific weight
Weight of material per unit volumeKg/m3, lb/yd3
Sometime referred as densityOften reported as
Loose, compacted, uncompacted, as found in containers
Depend on Geographic location, season of the year, length of
time in storage
Specific weight of MSW
Specific weight of MSW
Moisture Content of MSW
Physical PropertiesField capacity
Total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to downward pull of gravityDetermining the formation of landfill leachateWater in excess will be released as leachate
Depend onApplied pressureState of decomposition of waste
Permeability of compacted wastesOr hydraulic conductivity
Important in governing the movement of gases and liquid in landfill site
Chemical PropertiesUsed for
Determining alternative processing + recovery options
E.g: combustion, composting, etc.To use MSW as fuel, it is to consider
Proximate analysisFusing (melting) point of ashUltimate analysis (major elements)Energy content
Chemical PropertiesProximate analysis = analysis for
combustible componentsMoisture contentVolatile combustible matterFixed carbonAsh
Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical PropertiesFusing Point of Ash
Temp that cause ash (from burning wastes) from a solid (clinker) by fusion and agglomeration
Typical range = 1,100-1,200 °C
May cause operational problems in incineration
Chemical PropertiesUltimate analysis
To determine chemical compositionC, H, O, N, S and ashHalogen group
Cl, Br, ….
Data is used forDetermine C.N ratio for composting or
biological conversion processesAwareness of chlorinated compounds
Dioxin, Furan, etc
Chemical Properties – Ultimate analysis
Chemical PropertiesEnergy content
Trace elementsK, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, etcImportant for the production of biological
conversion product as the essential nutrient
Chemical Properties – Energy contents
Biological PropertiesOrganic fractions of MSW
Water soluble constituentsSugars, starches, amino acid, organic acids, etc
HemicelluloseCelluloseFats, oil, waxesLigninLignincelluloseProtein
However, the important biological properties are to determineBiodegradability of organic fractionsProduction of odors, breeding of flies
Biological PropertiesBiodegradability of organic fractions
Determined by volatile solid (VS) content Ignition at 550 °C
But, may misinterpret for some componentsNewsprint high VS but low biodegradabilityFood wastes low VS but high biodegradability
Production of odorsResultant of anaerobic decomposition
SO4-2 reduced to sulfide (S2-) + combine with H
H2S
Significant in a long storage and warm climate
Applications of MSW Properties & CompositionTo determine
Appropriate transformation processesSeparation, reduction, combustion, composting, etc
Improving efficiencies transformation processesE.g. moisture content + C/N composting reactions
To design recovery methodsReuse + recycling materialsConversion products + energy
MSW in Kuala Lumpur
Transformation processes for MSW
Transformation processes for MSW
Transformation processes for MSW