Soil and land resources of Belarus and the problem of Soil and land resources of Belarus and the problem of their rational usetheir rational use

А.А.FF. . ChernyshChernysh, , Deputy Director for Research of the Institute of Soil Science Deputy Director for Research of the Institute of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistryand Agricultural Chemistry National academy of science of BelarusNational academy of science of Belarus220108 Minsk, ul. Kazintsa 90220108 Minsk, ul. Kazintsa 90

brissa_erosion@mail.ru brissa_erosion@mail.ru

For reference: For reference: Total land area – 20 760 000 haAgricultural land total – 8 726 400 ha (42%) Including arable – 5 559 700 ha (26.8%) Meadow total – 3 032 600 ha (14.6%) of these anthropogenically enhanced – 2 058 200  ha Drained agricultural land – 2 910 900 ha Forest land – 8 630 700 ha (41.6%) Under the trees and shrubs – 664 400 ha Under water objects – 469 000 haLarge and small rivers – 20 600 Lakes – 10 200

Population – 9 463 800 people Urban population – 7 220 900 people Rural population – 2 242 900 people Density of population – 46 people  per 1 km2 Per inhabitant of 0.56 hectares of arable land 

Adding fertilizers: 2011-2015 years – 260 kg/ha of active ingredient NPK 2015 y. – 210 kg/ha of active substance NPK Organic fertilizers – 10.7 t/ha of arable land Yields of cereals and grain legumes in 2015 y. – 3.67 t / ha

Soil map of the Republic of BelarusSoil map of the Republic of Belarus

Scale 1:600 000

Legend for Legend for soil mapsoil map

The distribution of agricultural soils for particle size The distribution of agricultural soils for particle size distribution (soil texture),%distribution (soil texture),%

19,3

33,0

20,0

3,1

4,1

49,0

3,1

0,9

1,2

1,6

0,2

0,8

0,7

21,8

24,3

2,6

25,7

23,7

9,2

22,1

23,4

26,1

21,7

47,2

9,2

28,8

10,6

18,8

6,1

10,8

13,3

42,2

5,2

36,5

2,8

2,4

4,6

4,2

4,0

6,1

4,8

3,2

3,8

7,7

3,7

9,4

3,6

11,2

15,3

1,0 0,8

2,1

2,6

3,1

2,4

2,4

1,7

0,5

1,1

0,5

3,7

2,0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

The Republic of Belarus

Mogilev region

Minsk region

Grodno region

Gomel region

Vitebsk region

Brest region

loamy

including underlain before 0,5 mdepth by sands sandy loamy

including underlain before1 mdepth by loam's and clayssandy

including underlain before1 mdepth by loam's and clayspeat

including with a layer of peat less1 m peat and mineral

8

32

3

15

40

2

33

24

16

610

21

36

51-3

25

31

37

1323

26-1

38

30

4

20-1

9 11

22

35

14

7

29

12

39

1-2

27

1-1

19 17

34

18

2820-2

26-2

ЛИДА

БОРИСОВ

СЛОНИМ

ПОЛОЦК

ПИНСК

БАРАНОВИЧИ

МОЗЫРЬ

РЕЧИЦА

ГОРКИ

БЫХОВ

СЕННО

КОБРИН ЛУНИНЕЦ

БЕРЕЗА

КРУГЛОЕ

ВИЛЕЙКА

ГОРОДОК

ПОСТАВЫ

НОВОГРУДОККЛИЧЕВ

ЖИТКОВИЧИ

УШАЧИ

КОПЫЛЬ

ОШМЯНЫ

БЕЛЫНИЧИ

КОСТЮКОВИЧИ

МСТИСЛАВЛЬ

ЧАШНИКИ

СТОЛИН

ПРУЖАНЫ

ЧЕЧЕРСК

ВОЛОЖИН

МАРЬИНА ГОРКА

ГАНЦЕВИЧИ

ШАРКОВЩИНА

СВЕТЛОГОРСК

БРАСЛАВ

СВИСЛОЧЬ

ДЗЕРЖИНСК

ОКТЯБРЬСКИЙ

СТАРЫЕ ДОРОГИ

МИНСК МОГИЛЕВ

ГРОДНО

БРЕСТ

ВИТЕБСК

ГОМЕЛЬ

Soil Soil -- Environmental  Environmental  zoning of Belarus  zoning of Belarus 

  borders of soil-ecological areas and areas14 number of soil-ecological regions

borders of soil-ecological provinces I –  North (Poozerie) II - Central (Belarusian Ridge with glacial plains) III - South (Polesie)

I

III

II

Nature and ecological conditionsProvince

Belarus wholeNorthern Central South

Climatic conditions

Σ t > +10 о СΣ precipitations for period with t > +10о СHydrothermal coefficient

22303601,7

22703501,5

24303301,3

23203501,5

Morphometry of relief

Slopes < 3о, %Average slope length, мSlopes 3-5о, %Average slope length, мSlopes > 5о, %Average slope length, м

15,336459,429125,3257

49,039827,734623,3320

95,13833,33081,6236

65,439027,63227,0271

Soils (% of total agricultural land)Genesis Moraine,

fluvioglacial,glacial

Loess and loess-like, fluvioglacial

Fluvioglacial,old-alluvial,organogenic

Clay and loamLoamy sand Sand Peat Eroded

54,237,26,91,7

11,2

30,155,111,33,57,7

2,739,547,410,44,5

25,948,420,35,49,4

Melioration land stateWaterlogged, % Stony, %Contour, ha

55,149,15,4

33,538,816,4

64,37,115,9

42,426,611,6

Characteristics of soil-erosion provinces in Belarus Characteristics of soil-erosion provinces in Belarus

Types and subtypes of Degradation of managed soil of BelarusTypes and subtypes of Degradation of managed soil of Belarus

Subtype of degradationSubtype of degradation

Type of degradation Type of degradation I. degradation of

soil profile   II. physical  III. chemical  IV. biological  V. biosphere - environmental 

1. erosive, planar (low-, medium-, strongly and very strongly) 

1. destructuring, disaggregation 

1. the mineralization of the organic matter of peat 

1. defoliation  1. differences within the field 

2. erosive, gullies development 

2. compaction  2. humic degradation  2. decreasing of mesofauna activity 

2. spatial

3. chaotization of soil cover

3. degradation because of a critical lack of moisture (тут неправильно наверное)

3. reduction in soil basic elements of plant nutrition 

3. microbiological and biochemical

3. reduction or complete loss of the biosphere and ecological functions of the soil 

4. deflationary  4. agrotechnical  4. calcium degradation, soil acidification 

4. phytotoxic 4. reduction or loss of the productive capacity of soils 

5. deluvial deposits 5. violation of soil air regime 

5 microelement deficiency 

6. violation of the thermal regime 

6. microelements redundancy and chemical pollution, salinization 

7. radionuclide contamination 

Map of soil erosion of Map of soil erosion of the Republic of Belarus the Republic of Belarus 

The extent of erosion and

deflation of soils

cover 

Percent deflated and eroded soils ,% Of

agricultural land Water erosion

Wind erosion (deflation)

low 1,0-5,0

medium 5,1-10,0

strongly 10,1-20,0

very strongly >20,0

Areas mostly devoid of  erosion and deflation of soil (soil erosion is absent or <1.0%). 

Forests and other  wooded land и

Mean annual loss of soil humus and nutrientsMean annual loss of soil humus and nutrients of plants by the of plants by the water-erosion processes  water-erosion processes  

Crops

Raw crops (taking into

account winter tillage)

Spring grain crops

(taking into account winter

tillage)

Winter grain crops

(taking into account winter

tillage)

Perennial grasses

Total losses

humus 240,0 106,8 34,2 6,1

N 13,2 7,7 1,9 0,3

P2O5 5,9 3,6 0,9 0,3

K2O 5,4 2,9 1,3 1,1

photo of erosion in 2013 (3rd decade of April) 

6,59,8

7,112,7

9,2

13,6

0

7

14

137-

Cs

cont

ainn

atio

n de

nsity

, Ku/

km2

<5,0 5,1-10,0 >10soil losing, t/ha

washout zone accumulation zone

The impact of water erosion on the horizontal transfer of Cs-137The impact of water erosion on the horizontal transfer of Cs-137

The number of dust storms and their average duration for soil-The number of dust storms and their average duration for soil-erosion zones and erosion zones and  Belarus in general  Belarus in general   

Deflationary material: 

The content of organic matter - 65.3%. 

The content of mobile forms of elements of plant nutrition: phosphorus 1200-1300 mg / kg soil, potassium - 430 mg / kg of soil

350

105

232

13

0

100

200

300

400

Total Belarusian Poozerie Belarusian Ridge Belarusian Polesie0

1

2

3

the number of storms storm duration , hours

The impact of wind erosion on the horizontal transfer of Cs-137The impact of wind erosion on the horizontal transfer of Cs-137

300250

200150

10050

0

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

300013

7Cs

cont

ent i

n so

il, B

k/kg

Distance to places of accumulation of deflation material, m

Soil contamination density 185-555 kBk/km2 Soil contamination density >555 kBk/km2

Dust storm (April 2015 Luninets area)Dust storm (April 2015 Luninets area)

deflationary material 

#

#

#

#

#

# ###

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

#

Лида

Орша

МИНСК

Слуцк

ПинскБрест

Лепель

Жлобин

Гомель

Мозырь

Гродно

Витебск

Вилейка

МогилевБерезино

Бобруйск

Ивацевичи

Шарковщина

Новогрудок

Костюковичи

ВерхнедвинскВероятность проявления пыльных бурь

менее 2021 - 2526 - 3031 - 3536 - 40более 40

Territory zoning according to the probability of Territory zoning according to the probability of extreme deflationextreme deflation

Extremely weak poor average or moderate Increased high Very high 

probability of dust storms

System of adaptive land management at different levels of System of adaptive land management at different levels of territorial organization territorial organization 

Soil-ecological province Zonal provincial complex (a set of adaptive-

landscape systems of agriculture) 

Soil-ecological areasystem of adaptive-landscape agriculture (possible

intensity of agricultural usage , the structure of agricultural land, agricultural production

specialization) 

Organization of the territory, creation of water protection zones, the structure of sown areas 

Type of land on the possible intensity of agricultural use 

Field, work area  Agrotechnology 

Agriculture technology group lands Differential crop rotations, 

 agrotechnology 

Work on the evaluation of land in Belarus Work on the evaluation of land in Belarus 

Qualitative assessment (bonitation) agricultural land Round I - 1964-1969 years  Round II - 1974-1976 years Round III - 1984-1986 years

On-farm cadastral valuation of land 

Round I – 1998-2000 years.

Round II – 2011-2015 years

 It comprises: a) assessment of soil fertility:  - The original score of the soil on a scale  - Points based on the factors affecting the productive capacity of soils b) assessment of technological properties of land c) location estimation g) generalizing (synthesizing) rating: - Normative net income and differential - The aggregate (total score) cadastral valuation of land - Normative price of land 

On-farm cadastral valuationOn-farm cadastral valuation

The estimated range of soils under different crops The estimated range of soils under different crops (part) (part) 

The system of correction coefficients for bonitet scoresThe system of correction coefficients for bonitet scores

correction factors on soil erosion 

correction factors on stony ground 

correction factors on cultivated soils 

correction factors on small outlines of arable land 

correction factors on the state of drained land reclamation 

correction factors for heterogeneity of soil cover 

correction factors that take into account the genesis parent rocks 

Correction factors to bonitet score differentiated by crop

Symbols (color) 

Evaluation of arable land 

(Scores) Number of

regions 

38,0 and more

4

34,0-37,9 21

30,0-33,9 46

26,0-29,9 34

22,0-25,9 12

less 22,0 127.3 - Scores of arable land 25.3 - Scores of agricultural land 

Evaluation of fertility of agricultural lands of the Republic of Evaluation of fertility of agricultural lands of the Republic of Belarus Belarus according to regions according to regions

Average arable land score in the republic - 31.2 agricultural land - 28.9

Symbols (color) % of suitable soils from arable land

Suitability of soil of the Republic of Belarus for cultivation of Suitability of soil of the Republic of Belarus for cultivation of winter wheatwinter wheat

Thank you for attention!!! Thank you for attention!!!