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In the 19th century, we pass from a stratified society
(estates of the realm, sociedad estamental) to a class
society (sociedad de clases), thanks to the political
revolutions and the process of industrialization.
With the estates of the realm, the social groups were
unequal juridically, with privileges; the new class
society is based on legal equality and freedom of
individuals before the law.
The privileged in the old society joined to the new
dominant class, the bourgeoisie. At the same time,
industrialization makes that a new social class rises,
the proletariat or the workers (el proletariado).
Throughout the 19th century the working class demands for changes in an urban setting, essentially. Peasants, a less dynamic collective, continued depending to large landowners, although legally detached from them. Class society was opener and more permeable than the estates of the realm. Class society granted greater freedom to individuals, but still maintaining deep inequalities, not based on the law or tradition, but on wealth and property.
In the estates of the realm, you belonged to an estate or other depending on your birth (except clergy).
In the new class society, you belonged to a social class or other depending on the money you have.
The bourgeoisie is the class that owns the industries and businesses. Bourgeoises held ownership of the means of production (money-capital, machinery, raw materials, factories, urban real estate, lands, etc.).
The bourgeoisie will be divided in several groups: The upper bourgeoisie. They will be bankers, landlords,
owners of large factories, large merchants. They took over a lot of land from the ruined Church and nobility, becoming landlords. Examples of important families in the 19th century were the Rothschilds (Bankers and traders), the Krupp (steel magnates), the Thyssen or Péreire.
The middle bourgeoisie. They were professionals (lawyers, engineers, doctors…), traders, officials, rich landowners, etc.
The petty bourgeoisie. They were well-off peasants, shopkeepers, employees.
No matter the nature of the political regime, the middle classes enjoyed considerable political, social, & economic power by the end of the 19th century
The middle classes no longer were a revolutionary class
The New Mangerial Class of the Second Industrial Revolution
Éduoard Manet, A Bar at the Foilies-Bergère (1882)
George Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande-Jatte (1884)
It includes the working class (clase obrera) who worked in the factories, in exchange for a salary.
Characteristics: They lived in the cities, where industries were located. Suffered harsh working conditions (long working
hours -of about 14 hours-, low wages ...). Poor hygiene, lack of health insurance or
unemployment or retirement.
It included both workers in industries such as in the service sector (domestic, street vendors, etc.)
Concentration of thousands of workers in factories.
Workers aware of their situation: Working conditions. Living conditions. Political participation.
Workers try to improve their working and living conditions through collective actios
New ideas.
The capitalist and industrialized 19th century economy confirms the existence of two social classes: the working class, lack of the means of production and forced to sell their labor, and the bourgeois, who owns the means of production and inclined to increase their benefits at the expense of low wages and bad working conditions of the working.
The labor movement emerged from this inequality. The first mass movements of modern character were born in England.
They began in episodes like the destruction of machines and setting fire to factories (Luddism). They blamed machinery for the low salaries and unemployment.
The mutual aid societies (Sociedad de Socorros Mutuos) were workers associations in which they put a little amount of money per month to cover expenses and provide mutual aid in case of illness, unemployment, widows, orphans…
Do you know this building????
Until 1820s workers weren’t allowed to form associations to defend their interests.
First recognised organizations appeared in England in 1824.
In 1834 the Great Trade Union was founded, a union formed by workers of various trade (above all, textil industry).
The purpose of the unions was to improve working conditions. Their initial demands included: The defence of the right to form unions. The reduction of working hours. Wage improvements. Child labour regulation. Creation of unemployment, sickness and old age
insurance. Main instrument of pressure: strike.
A mid-nineteenth century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels denounced
the exploitation of the working class and advocated the need for a
workers' revolution to destroy capitalism. Through the revolution, the proletariat would conquer the political
power (the dictatorship of the proletariat) and create a workers' state
to socialize the property (collectivisation). From the late 19th century, Marxists proposed the creation of socialist
workers' parties. Their goal was the realization of the proletarian
revolution, intervention in political life through participation in
elections and entering parliaments.
La economía determina la historia, que avanza por el enfrentamiento entre trabajadores y ricos.
Los obreros deben tomar conciencia de clase.
En el capitalismo hay dos clases enfrentadas: burgueses y proletarios.
Los burgueses buscan beneficio y enriquecimiento a costa de los trabajadores.
El marxismo busca la creación de un Estado obrero (dictadura del proletariado), en el que se colectivicen los medios de producción.
"Los filósofos no han hecho más que interpretar de diversos modos el mundo, pero de lo que se trata es de transformarlo".
Karl Marx
En 1848, Marx y Engels publican el Manifiesto Comunista, con las ideas del marxismo.
Anarchism had three basic principles: the exaltation of individual freedom and social
solidarity. the criticism of private property and defending
forms of collective ownership. The rejection of authority, especially the State.
Its theoretical were Bakunin, Proudhon and Kropotkin.
They defended the revolutionary action of workers or peasants to destroy the state, even violently.
Marxists and anarchists advocated the need to unite the working class to fight capitalism.
In 1864, the International Workers’ Association – First International (AIT, en español; Primera Internacional) was created , which united marxists, anarchists and trade unionists.
The First International was dissolved in 1876 due to the differences that arose between marxists and anarchists.
In 1889, socialist leaders (just marxists ideas, not the anarchists) founded the Second International or International Socialist in Paris.
Its purpose was to coordinate the programs and actions of the varios socialist parties.
The Second International demanded the 3 eights: 8 hours to work 8 hours to leisure 8 hours to sleep
During the Second International they created some of the symbols for the workers: First of May as a holy day for all the workers in the world; or the International as their anthem.
Arriba, parias de la Tierra.En pie, famélica legión.Atruena la razón en marcha,es el fin de la opresión.Del pasado hay que hacer añicos,legión esclava en pie a vencer,el mundo va a cambiar de base,los nada de hoy todo han de ser.Agrupémonos todos,en la lucha final.El género humanoes la internacional.Ni en dioses, reyes ni tribunos,está el supremo salvador.Nosotros mismos realicemosel esfuerzo redentor.Para hacer que el tirano caigay el mundo siervo liberar,soplemos la potente fraguaque el hombre libre ha de forjar.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=2sNLyj00Yqs (El movimiento obrero, artehistoria)
